1 NBE 391 Society and Politics(Elective Course) POST RAJ POKHAREL M.Phil. (TU) 01/2010)

2 Course Objectives The purpose of this course is to help students understand the Nepalese political and social institutions and government system and analyze the challenges and implications of Nepal’s political, social, and economic development. This course is therefore characterized by an exploration of different ideas regarding the most appropriate means and ends of human participation in civic, social and political life. The course aims to enhance the student’s capacity to engage in active citizenship, informed by the insights and skills of social and political sciences. Being an active citizen implies that students are aware and responsible members of a community. They can belong to a community in which there are many communities – sometimes with divergent values and identities – but all sharing some common sense of responsibility and shared civic space.

3 Course Description This course will present an overview of the political and social developments in contemporary Nepal. The first part of the course consists of a chronological analysis of Nepalese politics and international relations. In the second part the focus will be on various facets of contemporary Nepalese society, which may include education, women and gender issues, nationalism, religion, the environment, the aging and shrinking population, popular culture, and ethnic and social minorities.

4 Course Outcomes Upon completion of the course, students should be able to: Understand the social systems within which people act, locally, nationally and more widely; Know important facts, concepts, and theories pertaining to Nepalese society, government and politics; Understand the importance of human rights and responsibilities for human dignity and for democratic modes of governance; Develop interest and capacity for active participation in the social and development activities; Discuss the gender, equality and empowerment issues; Explain the concept and practices of public affairs management and policy formulation process; Develop a sense of care for others and a respect for and a valuing of diversity in all areas of human life within the parameters of human rights principles.

5 Course Contents The following themes or topics are included:An overview of Nepalese political and social systems Political parties, interest groups, and mass media Institutions of Government of Nepal The organizational structure of government(s) in Nepal, including local, district, regional and national levels Public affairs management and policy formulation process Human rights and civil liberties Rural society and inclusiveness issues NGOs and development Citizenship practices, civil society, and the state Diversity, social partnership and participation in development Governance issues Gender, equality, empowerment issues Nepal in the world arena Contemporary political and social issues in Nepal

6 References Lewis, D. The Management of Non-Governmental Development Organizations: An Introduction, London: Lynne Rienner. Howell, J. & Pearce, J. Civil Society and Development: A Critical Exploration. London: Lynne Rienner. Drake, M. S. Political Sociology for a Globalizing World. Cambridge: Polity Press. Nash, K. Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and Power, Oxford and Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, Inc. Abraham M. F. Modern Sociological Theory. New Delhi: Oxford University Press

7 Understanding Politics:The word politics comes from ancient Greece. Its root is the word polis, which began to be used about 2,800 years ago to denote a self-governing city (city-state) POLIS – city-state POLITES – citizen POLITIKOS – politician POLITIKE – politics as the art of citizenship and government POLITEIA – constitution, rules of politics POLITEUMA – political community, all those residents who have full political rights

8 State Market Society

9 "Man is by nature a political animal." -- AristotlePolitics is the exercise of power Politics is the public allocation of values Politics is the resolution of conflict Politics is the competition among individuals, groups, or states pursuing their interests

10 Politics is often understood as:the art and science of GOVERNMENT, as affairs of STATE But: The state is rooted in society. The state maintains a particular social order. Politics outside the state is important. Interactions between state and society are at the core of politics. So, to understand politics, it has to be examined as part of the entire fabric of SOCIAL RELATIONS – cooperation and conflicts between individuals, groups, classes

11 POLITICS AS CONFLICT - as struggle for power. Politics is driven by selfish interests of individuals, groups, businesses, states. More natural for the thinking of those who would like to change the status quo in their favour.

12 Political conditions 2001: Royal massacre (On June 1, 2001 Crown Prince Dipendra was officially reported to have shot and killed his father, King Birendra; his mother, Queen Aishwarya) 2005–2007: Suspension of parliament and Loktantra Andolan: On 1 February 2005 King Gyanendra suspended the Parliament, appointed a government led by himself, and enforced martial law December 2007 to May 2008: Abolition of the monarchy On 23 December 2007, an agreement was made for the monarchy to be abolished and the country to become a federal republic with the Prime Minister becoming head of state.

13 The first elections after becoming a Republic: the Constituent Assembly(On June 1, 2001 Crown In May 2008 the elections for the Constituent Assembly saw the Communist Party of Nepal as the largest party in the Constituent Assembly. Party Seats Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) 220 Nepali Congress 110 Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) 103 Madeshi Jana Adhikar Forum Nepal 52 Tarai-Madhesh Loktantrik Party 20 Sadbhavana Party 9 Rashtriya Prajatantra Party 8 Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist) Janamorcha Nepal 7

14 Social Leader: PresentationWhat are the positive roles of Political party for the societal development ? To identify the social phenomenon, social structure, social issues, social problems, Identify the significant of those issues, problems, ……. Ranking the issues as per the priority base Seek for the immediate action for the most significant issues. Spread the positive message for social development to all the elements Prepare the operational action plan Prepare the Strategic plan for the societal development Institutionalize the operational Plan Review the operational plan, receive feedback from the society Make necessary update on the previous plans….

15 For Social Development.List out the roles of : Interest Groups Mass Media For Social Development.

16 Assignment: Write an essay "Societal Politics" (1000 words)

17 An overview of Nepalese political and social systemslast 240 years since Shah Dynasty started to rule over the country Before the Shah Dynasty, there is no extant history of Nepal that authenticates different dynasties that ruled over the country. Prithvi Narayen Shah ( ) a king from Gorkha, a small principality from west of Nepal started to expand the country into a larger territory. After conquering the Kathmandu valley on 25 September 1768, Nepal became a unified nation. The successors of Pritivi Narayen Shah and latter Rana regime kept Nepali economy into a conventional (conservative) mode of production such as a feudalism (a social system that existed in Europe during the Middle Ages in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and the use of land in return) until 1960.

18 An overview of Nepalese political and social systemspolitical elites more focused on individual benefits rather than change the country into a welfare state several movements for socio-political emancipation (setting free) were either oppressed or ignored or not brought into media. After 1960s when Nepal became an open country for the international community, ever since people often aspired more dynamic political system which could lead the country a developed one Key Note: Nepal remained underdeveloped country for a long time because it didn’t try to change its sociopolitical structure during the 20th century when Western world was already enjoying mass consumption and modernization.

19 An overview of Nepalese political and social systemsIn the 1980s and in the 1990s Nepal observed two major political movements however in 1996, Nepal communist Party Maoists formally incepted people’s war aiming for structural change in politics. The major objective of the war was to setup the country into a republic state, federal government, ethnic autonomy, revolutionary take off to economic prosperity. Many more ups and down in central polity, the war has concluded and then interim constitution with federal democracy has been provisioned on the latest Meanwhile, it was experienced that development can not be carried out without political stability and peace

20 An overview of Nepalese political and social systemsSocial Aspect of Nepal The most unique problem with Nepal is the caste system. The tradition of caste system has long been practiced around 400 years back. Besides this, there are many ethnic and tribal communities with various languages which show that Nepal is a country with ethnic diversities. Within the diversity of the social characteristics, Nepal always underwent unequal social practice. The reason behind it was hierarchies of cultural power and subdue of ethnicity.

21 An overview of Nepalese political and social systemsSocial Aspect of Nepal from this cultural aspect, there is a big gap division between rich and poor, urban and rural and centre to remote. A deep rooted caste system in Nepali society has contributed to social discrimination and class division which in fact has also a significant effect in generating the economic and social enhancement opportunities. many castes have been classified and socially kept in hierarchies show extreme gap between poor and rich and is always prone to dire conflict. there is still a majority of Brahman and Chhetris who have access to policy making level compare to other ethnic groups.

22 An overview of Nepalese political and social systemsSocial Aspect of Nepal modern media that significantly contributed to reduce such socially constructed hierarchies in Nepali society

23 Institutions of Government of NepalGovernment of Nepal, Office of the President & V. President Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA) Election Commission Auditor General Office Public Service Commission Supreme Court National Human Rights Commission

24 Institutions of Government of NepalOffice of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers Ministry of Finance Financial Comptroller General Office Department of Custom Inland Revenue Department Department of Revenue Investigation Department of Revenue Ministry of Industry Department of Industry Department of Mines and Geology Department of Cottage and Small Industries Office of the Company Registrar Nepal Bureau of Standards & Metrology

25 Institutions of Government of NepalMinistry of Law, Justice Constitution Assembly Affairs Nepal Law Commission Law service training centre Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Department of Agriculture Department of Livestock Services Department of Co-Operatives Department of Food Technology and Quality Control Ministry of Home Affairs Department of Immigration Police Headquarter Head Office of Armed Force National Police Academy

26 Institutions of Government of NepalMinistry of Water Resources Irrigration Department Ministry of Energy Electricity Development Department Department of Water Induced Disaster Prevention Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of  Tourism and Civil Aviation Tourism Board, Nepal Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal Ministry of Land, Reform and Management Ministry of Physical Planning and Works Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare Ministry of Education Ministry of Defense

27 Institutions of Government of NepalMinistry of Forests and Soil Conservation Department of National Parks and Wild Life Conservation Ministry of Industry Commerce and Supplies Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction Ministry of Education Ministry of Labor and Transport Management Ministry of General Administration Ministry of Information and Communication Department of Archaeology Ministry of Local Development Ministry of Health and Population National Planning Commission Central Bureau of Statistics

28 56. Structure of the State (LQ)(1) The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal shall have three main levels of structure: federal, provincial and local. (2) The State powers of Nepal shall be used by the federal, provincial and the local level in accordance with this constitution. (3) There shall be the provinces with the districts listed in Schedule-4 that prevail at the commencement of this Constitution in Nepal. (4) Under the local level, there shall be Village council, Municipal and District Assembly. The number of wards in a Village council and Municipal Council shall be as provided for in a federal law. (5) Special, protected and autonomous regions may be created for socio-cultural protection and development according to federal law. (6) The Federation, provinces and local levels shall protect Nepal's independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, autonomy, national interests, overall development, multi-party competitive democratic republic and federal system of governance, human rights and fundamental rights, rule of law, separation of powers and check and balance, equitable society based on plurality and equality, and inclusive representation and identity.

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34 Long Question: 1. What are the preparation required for enacting complete provincial administration in Nepal? 2. What are the benefits of federal system in Nepal ? List out the upcoming challenges of federal system.

35 Provisions of fundamental rights: fundamental rights embracing all political and socio-economic lives of citizens are provisioned in the constitution. All these will require various institutional arrangements in three branches of the state affairs, which should range from legal provision (Article 47) to policy, organizational and resource provisions. Directive principles and state policies: state policies covering all important aspects of state affairs, including political and governance systems, besides setting well-elaborated directive principles Transformation from unitary to federal system: three tiers of the government at centre, province and local levels (municipal and village), legislative arrangements are likely to be very complex. Such arrangements will have to be made considering the lists of powers of three tiers of government Defining, establishing and practicing horizontal and vertical coordination mechanism: With establishment of different tiers of the government, there is a need to allocate authorities, responsibilities and resources across different levels of government, with institutional mechanisms for interrelationship between Federal, Provincial and Local Levels and National Natural Resources and Finance Commission.

36 Changes in size and composition of public organizations and employees: There is need for creating many new organizations simultaneously with re-arrangements of the existing ones at different levels of government in the process of administrative federalization. Number of civil services: Different types of services are provisioned for federal, provincial and local level governments (Article 285) Even at central level, unlike in the unitary civil service, different services to be labeled as "federal civil service" and “other federal government services" will need to be created and managed for administrative federalization. Provision for constitutional bodies: More than a dozen constitutional bodies are provisioned to look after different issues like accountability and oversight, election, inclusion and human rights

37 Intergovernmental transfer: Provisions are made for both exclusive and concurrent revenue assignments at all three tiers of government. The central government will have to transfer many of powers and resources to the sub-national governments and likewise many ministries are likely to be reorganized with the potential reduction in their existing number. Drafting of laws: Since both provincial and local governments, besides federal one, also will be exercising legislative powers as the sub-national governments, many of the existing laws shall have to be amended while more than one hundred new laws shall have to be legislated by the federal government to meet the constitutional requirements Services and staffing during transition: The government is to make necessary provisions, as part of transition management, to deliver services at provincial and local levels without disrupting what it has been doing now. For this, it will have to adjust public servants, who are in government service at the time of promulgation of the new constitution, to the federal, province and local levels in accordance with the law

38 Public affairs management’s relevant stakeholders and functionsGovernment Public policy Lobbying Political action Trade associations Grassroots mobilization Stockholders External and internal audit Communications Proxy election management

39 Public affairs management’s relevant stakeholders and functionsEmployee Communications Union negotiations Customers Customer service Total quality management Recall management

40 Public affairs management’s relevant stakeholders and functionsEnvironment Environmental compliance Internal environmental auditing Recycling Community Corporate philanthropy Partners with schools, NGOs Volunteerism, employee time contributions

41 Public affairs management’s relevant stakeholders and functionsMedia Public relations Executive speeches Image advertising Crisis management Web page management Activists, General Public Environmental scanning Stakeholder dialogue Social reporting Social monitoring

42 An effective public affairs function must:Manage public affairs as an ongoing, year-round process. Cultivate and harvest the capability to build, develop, and maintain enduring stakeholder relationships. Influence stakeholders using refined information. Recognize the importance of managing the grass roots. Communicate in an integrated manner. Continuously align its values and strategy with public’s interests. Improve its external relations using the accepted facts of contemporary management practice.

43 Issue management A structured and systematic process to aid organizations in identifying, monitoring, and selecting public issues that warrant organizational action. Environmental intelligence The acquisition of information gained from analyzing the multiple environments affecting organizations. Customer Competitor Economic Technological Social Political Legal Geophysical

44 The issue management process:Policy formulation is not a big deal, if not implemented, it will be a futile exercise. In the light of this statement, Explain the issue management process and its importance. Issues Identification Issues Analysis Research Performance evaluation Judgment and priority setting Results Policy Options Program Design Implementation Policy and strategy selection

45 Crisis management The process organizations use to respond to short-term and immediate corporate crises. An effect crisis management plan involves: Preparing for action by creating an internal communication system that can be activated the moment the crisis occurs. Communicating quickly, but accurately. Using the Internet to convey the public affairs message. Doing the right thing by not minimizing the seriousness of a problem nor exaggerating minor incidents. Following up and, where appropriate, making amends to those affected.

46 Policy Formulation ProcessA policy is typically described as a principle or rule to guide decisions and achieve rational outcome/s. A purposive course of action based on societal values, followed in dealing with a matter or concern, and predicting the outcome that would result from the achievement of the purpose Public policy: Policy serving as the enabling and guiding framework for government in all sectors and at all levels.

47 DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICIESAuthoritative Enforceable Flexible and adaptable Feasible Clear Transparent Consultative

48 PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION PROCESSPHASE 1: INITIATION Step 1: Agenda-setting/issue (problem) identification Step 2: Policy instruments Step 3: Policy analysis Step 4: Stakeholder engagement, consultation and co-ordination PHASE 2: GENERATION Step 5: Policy formulation, decision-making and policy drafting PHASE 3: IMPLEMENTATION Step 6: Policy implementation PHASE 4: EVALUATION Step 7: Policy monitoring and evaluation

49 STEP 1: AGENDA-SETTING/PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONProcess of identifying policy issues/problems, which require the attention of a legislator Process wherein the members of society identify their needs, desires and demands and wherein a legislator decides to place these issues on the agenda for deliberation Issue identification can be conducted by forecasting the future with the use of extrapolative techniques such as the Delphi technique, brainstorming and scenario sketching The origin/source of the various organizational policy-related issues Prioritization of issues

50 STEP 2: POLICY INSTRUMENTS/SOURCESLegislation and government policy and priorities Taxation (the budget) Persuasion (and public pressure) Inspection and audits Minutes of meetings Legislative records Provision of services Newsletter, media briefings and community meetings

51 STEP 3: POLICY ANALYSIS Step-by-step way of understanding policy choices and comparing possible outcomes Policy analysis needs to explore as rationally and honestly as possible the implications and possible outcomes of adopting policy The importance and value of continual policy analysis Policy analysis is an attempt to determine the costs and benefits of various alternatives or to evaluate the validity of existing policies e.g. Force field analysis Policy analysis is an attempt to bring about and transform information pertinent to particular policies to resolve problems pertaining to those policies

52 POLICY ANALYSIS PROCESSIdentify the underlying values and aspirations Understand the problem in its context Identify the alternative courses of actions Decide which dimensions of the problem are most important Predict the likely outcomes of different courses of action Measure the chosen courses of action against important values and aspirations

53 STEP 4: STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT, CONSULTATION AND CO-ORDINATIONObjective: To ensure accountability, responsiveness and openness and upholding the right to access to any information held by the state Constant interaction with society Extensive consultation and co-ordination between the various stakeholders Interest groups e.g. civic society; associations and lobbyists Public participation

54 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT STRATEGYStep 1: Identify stakeholders Step 2: Prioritize stakeholders Step 3: Get to know and understand stakeholders Step 4: Stakeholder relationship management

55 STEP 5: POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTIONFactors to consider Policy recommendations are normally drafted by senior managers and then referred to higher management authority for deliberation, approval and adoption It remains the responsibility of the highest decision-making authority (executive powers) to approve or reject a particular policy recommendation The matter could be referred back to management for further investigation A policy-maker or decision maker has to be sure of the ability of officials to actually execute a policy - administrative, operational and managerial capacity to implement the decision

56 Human Rights HUMAN RIGHTS are the rights that all people have by virtue (desirable quality) of being human beings. HUMAN RIGHTS are derived from the inherent dignity of the human person and are defined internationally, nationally and locally by various law making bodies. HUMAN RIGHTS is defined as the supreme, inherent (intrinsic), and inalienable (not able to forfeited) rights to life, to dignity, and to self-development. It is concerned with issues in both areas of civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights founded on internationally accepted human rights obligations

57 HUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS – moral power to hold (rights to life, nationality, own property, rest and leisure), to do (rights to marry, peaceful assembly, run for public office, education), to omit (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile) or to exact something (equal protection of the law, equal access to public service, equal pay for equal work) NATURE – Human rights are more than legal concepts: they are the essence of man. They are what make man human. That is why they are called human rights; deny them and you deny man’s humanity (Jose Diokno)

58 Characteristics of Human RightsUniversal Internationally guaranteed Legally protected Protects individuals and groups Cannot be taken away Equal and indivisible Obliges States and State actors

59 Five categories of Human RightsCivil – the right to be treated as an equal to anyone else in society Political – the right to vote, to freedom of speech and to obtain information Economic – the right to participate in an economy that benefits all; and to desirable work Social – the right to education, health care, food, clothing, shelter and social security Cultural – the right to freedom of religion, and to speak the language, and to practice the culture of one’s choice

60 SOME CIVIL RIGHTS Life Belief in own religion Opinion Free speechNon-discrimination according to sex Marry Race Cultural background

61 SOME POLITICAL RIGHTS Vote in electionsFreely form or join political parties Live in an independent country Stand for public office Freely disagree with views and policies of political leaders

62 SOME ECONOMIC RIGHTS Jobs Work without exploitation Fair wageSafe working conditions Form trade unions Have adequate food Protection against labor malpractices

63 SOME SOCIAL RIGHTS Housing Education Health servicesRecreation facilities Clean environment Social security

64 SOME CULTURAL RIGHTS Use own language Develop cultural activitiesAncestral domains Develop own kind of schooling

65 Civil Liberties "Civil liberties" concern basic rights and freedoms that are guaranteed -- either explicitly identified in the Bill of Rights and the Constitution, or interpreted through the years by courts and lawmakers. Civil liberties include: Freedom of speech The right to privacy The right to be free from unreasonable searches of your home The right to marry The right to vote The difference between human rights and civil liberties may be largely semantic. It could be said that human rights are those fundamental rights considered to be universal to all people. Civil liberties, however, may be those rights and freedoms recognized by a particular country.

66 Rural Society and InclusivenessSocial inclusion is understood as a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, so that they can achieve their full potential in life. It is a multi-dimensional process aimed at creating conditions which enable full and active participation of every member of the society in all aspects of life, including civic, social, economic, and political activities, as well as participation in decision making processes. 4. State of Nepal: (1) Nepal is an independent, indivisible cljefHo, sovereign , ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, secular wd{lg/k]If, inclusive ;dfj]zL democratic nf]stGqfTds, socialism-oriented federal democratic republican state ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo

67 Rural Society and Inclusiveness Contd.56. Structure of the State: The Federation, provinces and local levels shall protect Nepal‟s independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, autonomy, national interests, overall development, multi-party competitive democratic republic and federal system of governance, human rights and fundamental rights, rule of law, separation of powers and check and balance, equitable society based on plurality and equality, and inclusive representation and identity. 278. Appointment to be made on Inclusive Principle: Appointment to the constitutional positions shall be made based on the principle of inclusion.

68 Rural Society and InclusivenessElements of Inclusion Inclusive policies and legislation Access to clean and safe places for living, work and recreation Access to information and communication Access to public spaces Access to resources Access to basic services, including education, health care, clean water and sanitation Access to transportation Transparent and accountable decision-making processes Adequate income and employment opportunities Affirmation of human rights Opportunity for personal development Respect for diversity Freedom (of choice, religion, etc.) Participation in decision-making Social protection

69 Question In your opinion, what are the changes you have observed in the Nepalese Environment After incorporating the inclusiveness principles ? What is the purpose of addressing "inclusiveness" the Nepal's constitution ? How do inclusiveness empower the rural society ?

70 NGO The World Bank, defines NGOs as private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development.  non-profit organization which is independent from government The NGO Federation of Nepal (NFN) emerged as an umbrella organisation, advocates human rights, social justice and pro-poor development. a group of former bureaucrats, professionals and individuals from various sectors in Nepal formed an independent civil society organisation, the Citizens Assembly. Its objective is to exert pressure on state authorities, political leadership and policymakers to work for the interests of the country and the public.

71 Questions Do you feel the need of monitoring public organizations from Civil Society ? What are the major roles of NGO in Nepal ? How do Not-for-Profit organizations contribute societal development ?

72 Citizenship practices, civil society, and the stateCivil Society: entire range of organised groups and institutions,  independent of the state,  should be voluntary, and at least to some extent self-generating and self-reliant. These, of course, include not only non-governmental organisations but also independent mass media, think tanks, universities, and social and religious groups. The state-civil society relationship can be analyzed from different perspectives such as cooperative, competitive, complementary, oppositional, and neutral.

73 Diversity, social partnership and participation in development264: There should be the provision of proportional participation so as to reflect the diversity of Nepal Ending all forms of discriminationslje]b and oppression pTkL8g created by the feudal;fdGtL, autocraticlg/+s'z, centralized s]Gb|Ls[t and unitary systemPsfTds /fHoJoj:yf,, Embracing multi-caste, multi-lingual, multi-cultural and diverse geographical specificities, by ending discriminations relating to class, caste, region, language, religion and gender discrimination including all forms of racial untouchability, in order to protect and promote unity in diversity, social and cultural solidarity, tolerance and harmonious attitudes, we also express our determination to create an egalitarian society on the basis of the principles of proportional inclusion and participation, to ensure equitable economy, prosperity and social justice

74 Governance issues Gender, equality, empowerment issues50. Directive Principles: (1) It shall be the political objective of the State to strengthen a federal democratic republican system to ensure an atmosphere where democratic rights are exercised by acknowledging sovereignty, independence and integrity of the country to be of utmost importance; by protecting freedom, equality, property and all citizens through rule of law; by embracing the norms and values of fundamental rights and human rights, gender equality, proportional inclusion, participation and social justice; and by maintaining a just system in all spheres of national life in order to establish a government system aimed at public welfare, while maintaining relations between federal units on the basis of cooperation between them, and internalizing the principle of inclusion in the governance system on the basis of local autonomy and decentralization Q. In your opinion, what are the reasons that current organizations fail to maintain good governance ? Q. In the present context, governance issue is only in black and white paper. How can governance issue be effectively implemented in public and private sectors ? How do you define governance ? List out the major governance issues in Nepalese public enterprises.

75 Nepal in the world arenaStudent's Presentation:

76 Contemporary political and social issues in NepalPolitical Issues: Stable Government Need of autocratic political leader for nations development Federalism and its implementation Election from Central to the local levels Economic agenda in the political parties and government Social Issues Health, Education, Employment, Social justice, Religion (Hindu), Cultural, Heritage, Rehabilitation to the Natural victims, childcare, Language, Woman Empowerment, Woman Leadership, girls trafficking,