1 Nixon to Obama and all parts in betweenThe END Nixon to Obama and all parts in between Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s

2 Nixon in Person 37th President of US Born in California (1913-1994)Congressman(HUAC)/Senator/VP US Navy- WWII VP= Spiro Agnew and then Gerald Ford Attack Dog personality; Paranoid; “Enemies List” Strong on Foreign Policy Struggled Domestically with economy and social issues

3 The “Southern Strategy”Nixon’s Views on Civil Rights Nixon did not support advances in civil rights, believing that to do so would cost him the support of many white southern voters. Hoping to win over white southern Democrats, Nixon sought a “southern strategy” which would keep his supporters happy. Results of Nixon’s Views Nixon’s views resulted in a slowdown of desegregation. Although Nixon tried to prevent the extension of certain provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Congress went ahead with the extension. Busing to end segregation in schools was slowed, but not halted entirely, by Nixon’s opposition to it.

4 Nixon’s Domestic & Economic PoliciesStagflation: described as a period of high inflation combined with economic stagnation, unemployment, or economic recession that occurred during the 1970s. Stagflation is thought to occur when there is an adverse shock (a sudden increase, say in the price of oil) Stagflation Response Taxed imports to help balance of trade Helpless to stop OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) from oil embargo in retaliation for Israeli support Issues wage and price controls to reduce inflation and spur job growth Goes off gold standard to lessen dollar and bolster US products overseas

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6 Domestic Policy—Oil and Inflation

7 Nixon’s Foreign PolicyDétente = easing of tensions between US, Soviet Union and China. Nixon visits and plays them China Soviet Union SALT I Vietnam War Vietnamization Peace With Honor Cambodian bombing raids Paris Peace Accords of 1973 Vietnamization—Gradually remove troops, turn over complete control of the war to South Vietnam Declares that future US allies in Asia would have support, but not direct involvement Peace accords happened only after the most massive bombing of the war in 1972, when North Vietnam won’t compromise, Paris agreement of 1973 promises full withdrawal of US troops, 500 US POWs returned, cease-fire, and free elections. Eventually, Vietnam falls to communism. Détente=easing of tensions. Nixon visits China, meets with Chou En Lai and Chaiman Mao. US recognizes the government by Significance—picture of two Cold Warriors sitting at the same table. Uses new relations with China to get USSR to talk, wants to limit Anti-Ballistic Missiles (ABMs), leads to Strategic Arms Limitations Talks—helped reduce tensions

8 Nixon’s Foreign PolicyDétente Goes to both the USSR and China in becoming first President to visit those nations Plays them against each other (USSR vs China) SALT agreement with the Soviets

9 Nixon in China

10 Is synonymous with the abuse of Presidential power by President NixonWATERGATE Is synonymous with the abuse of Presidential power by President Nixon political burglary bribery extortion wiretapping conspiracy obstruction of justice destruction of evidence tax fraud illegal use of government agencies/CIA and FBI illegal campaign contributions use of public money for private purposes.

11 Nixon’s Reelection CampaignCampaign Funding The Committee to Reelect the President, led by John Mitchell, aimed to collect as much campaign money as possible before a new law required such contributions to be reported. The money that the Committee collected was intended to fund both routine campaign activities and secret unethical actions. “Dirty Tricks” Attempts to sabotage Nixon’s political opponents came to be known as “dirty tricks.” These efforts included sending hecklers to disrupt Democratic campaign meetings and assigning spies to join the campaigns of opposing candidates. One particularly damaging “dirty trick” involved a faked letter that seriously hurt the candidacy of Edmund Muskie, a leading Democratic presidential contender.

12 PLUMBERS Nixon established a secret group known as the plumbers to plug leaks Started campaign of dirty tricks that included IRS harassment and derailing of Democratic frontrunner Edmund Muskie. Used methods as calling New Hampshire voters in the middle of the night and claiming to be from Harlem for Muskee or putting signs around Florida stating “Help Muskee in busing more children now” Funded by Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) which used highly questionable fund raising tactics and raised over $20 million

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14 IMPEACHMENT In summer of 1974, a committee of the House convened to consider impeachment On July 30, 7 Republicans joined Democratic majority to vote three articles of impeachment obstruction of justice abuse of power subverting the Constitution 2 days later, Supreme Court ruled that Nixon had no right to claim executive privilege as justification for turning over additional tapes On August 5 Nixon released the unexpurgated tapes which contained shocking evidence that he had ordered the cover up as early as 6 days after the break in

15 RESIGNATION A delegation of the most senior members of Congress, led by Barry Goldwater, informed the President that no more than 15 Senators still supported him On August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned Vice President Gerald Ford became President and a month later pardoned Nixon

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18 Gerald Ford Presidency(1974 to 1977) Only non-elected VP and President. Seen as clumsy and unintelligent Famous quote: “HEALING PROCESS MUST BEGIN” Pardoned Richard Nixon and granted amnesty Did little domestically or in foreign affairs because Congress was controlled by the Democrats. Instituted campaign to “Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) He was a Republican 1975, Saigon fall to the North Vietnam and Vietnam was united under Communism. HELSINKI ACCORDS

19 II. Politics in Flux, 1973–1980 B. Jimmy Carter: The Outsider as President “I will never lie to you”= Washington Outsider who will try and ease that Credibility Gap But being a Washington Outsider also means you don’t know how to run gov and have no connections Can’t solve Economy and will be ruined by international crisis II. Politics in Flux, 1973–1980 B. Jimmy Carter: The Outsider as President (Former governor of Georgia; pledged to restore morality to the White House; won 50 percent of popular vote to Ford’s 48 percent; had poor relations with Congress; relied heavily on inexperienced advisors from Georgia; did not effectively manage economic problems; Iranian Revolution drove gas prices up and lowered Carter’s approval rating below 30 percent.)

20 Jimmy Carter’s PresidencyAmericans were attracted to Carter “Washington outsider” and Homespun Honesty! Peanut farmer and Governor from Georgia Unwilling to participate in consensus politics, alienates key Democrats (MORALIST) Human Rights Diplomacy Camp David Accords (1978) Iran Hostage Crisis (1979) Afghan Invasion (1980) Inflation Rising Interest Rates Gives ‘crisis of confidence’ speech reflecting what voters see in him Loses re-election campaign to Reagan Carter cuts off aid to countries that have many human-rights violations, like Chile and Argentina, appoints African-American as UN Ambassador, denounces oppression in South Africa & Zimbabwe Agrees to turn over canal by 2000, trying to “right” a historical “wrong” criticized for giving it away Egypt president Anwar Sadat & Israeli PM Menachem Begin, provided a framework for peace 1979 Egypt becomes first Arab nation to recognize Israel Shah had been installed by US CIA, overthrown in 1979, when embassy taken over, rescue mission tries, but failed. Black eye for Carter, probably costs him the election. Plus, more oil shortages and price increases USSR invades Afghanistan in 1979, embargo places on tech & grain to USSR, ends good relations, US boycotts 1980 summer Olympics in Moscow. Carter now had to build up arms, going against promise Inflation reached 13% (now 5 or 6%), Fed pushes interest rates as high as 20% to break nflation. For first time since WWII, standard of living was declining

21 Soviets in AfghanistanUSSR invades in 1979 when communist regime is threatened by Shiite Muslim faction Soviets get bogged down & fight long & fruitless war US backs Muslim rebels at the time for anti-communism goals Carter boycotts 1980 Olympics and embargoes grain sales Soviets withdraw after 10 years

22 SOVIET–AFGHANISTAN WARAfghanistan, an Islamic country along the southern border of the Soviet Union, had been run by a Communist, pro-Soviet government for a number of years. However, a strong Muslim rebel group known as the mujahideen was intent on overthrowing the Afghan government. Fearing a rebel victory in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan in late 1979. While the Soviets had superior weaponry, the rebels fought the Soviets to a stalemate by using guerrilla tactics and intimate knowledge of the country’s mountainous terrain.

23 SOVIET–AFGHANISTAN WARMost of the rebels had been trained and supported by the CIA through SAM Rocket Launchers and American $$ After suffering thousands of casualties, the last Soviet troops pulled out of Afghanistan in February 1989. Fighting between rival factions continued for years. By 2000, the Taliban, a radical Muslim faction, controlled 90 percent of Afghanistan. (Much of the same mujahideen that we had trained and armed!)

24 The Iran Hostage CrisisIn January 1979, revolution broke out in Iran, replacing its pro-American shah, Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlevi, with Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, an anti-Western leader. When Carter allowed the displaced shah to enter the United States for medical treatment, angry Khomeini followers seized the American embassy in Tehran, Iran’s capital. Fifty-two Americans were taken hostage and moved from place to place over the course of 444 days. Carter’s failed attempts to secure the hostages’ freedom decreased his popularity and made his chances for reelection appear slim.

25 Iranian Hostage CrisisFundamentalist Muslim movement overthrows Shah of Iran for Ayatollah Khomeini US allows Shah in country for medical treatment Iranians take Americans in embassy hostage - hold until Carter leaves office

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27 Carter’s “Malaise Speech”“In a nation that was proud of hard work, strong families, close-knit communities, and our faith in God, too many of us now tend to worship self-indulgence and consumption.” “This intolerable dependence on foreign oil threatens our economic independence and the very security of our nation. The energy crisis is real.” “Every act of energy conservation like this is more than just common sense -- I tell you it is an act of patriotism.” Rather than give us a “Pep Talk” it was seen as a scolding. We are no longer “Amerigu” Gas lines during the energy crisis

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29 Ronald Reagan

30 Conservative Backlash, 1965-1980Conservatives react against changes in America during the 1960s Too far to the left and time to redirect in a conservative way. America had changed

31 Ronald Reagan Poor early life in Illinois Movie Actor- B type MoviesLife Guard Sports Radio Announcer Movie Actor- B type Movies Remember the Gipper! SAG President Public gets to know him Famous speech in 1964 Governor Reagan of Calif Anti-communist Charismatic The Great Communicator Teflon President

32 A Dramatic Start to the Reagan PresidencyOn March 30, 1981, Reagan survived an assassination attempt by John Hinkley Jr, who shot the president in an effort to impress actress Jodie Foster. Reagan was more badly injured than the administration reported, but he remained optimistic and his approval rating reached 73%.

33 Reagan’s Clarity of MessageStrong Defense= Destroy the USSR Cut taxes= Too high Cut Gov Spending= Reduce Great Society programs Balance the Budget= Not gonna happen!

34 Reaganomics A response to “Stagflation”Reagan espoused supply-side economic theory. Supply-siders favored simultaneous tax cuts and reductions in spending to encourage investors and entrepreneurs. Trickle Down

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36 III. The End of the Cold WarA. U.S.-Soviet Relations in a New Era 1. Reagan’s Cold War Revival=Anti Détente a. Rearm and outspent b. CIA around world (Central America) 2. Iran-Contra= Huge controversy over secret sale of arms to Iran and profits used to benefit Contra Rebels in Nicaragua. a. Reagan seems old and out of touch b. “I don’t remember” DIII. The End of the Cold War A. U.S.-Soviet Relations in a New Era 1. Reagan’s Cold War Revival – Rejected the Nixon-era détente with the Soviet Union; instead rearmed U.S. to force the Soviets into a prolonged arms race that would damage their economy; supported CIA initiatives in Angola, Mozambique, Afghanistan, and Central America; aided repressive, right-wing regimes in blocking Soviet influence but at great costs. 2. Iran-Contra – Administration sold arms to Iran in an effort to gain assistance in negotiating hostage releases in Lebanon; did so without congressional approval; used the profits to overthrow democratically elected government in Nicaragua (Sandinistas), despite a ban on aid to the CIA-supported Contras passed by Congress in 1984. 3. Gorbachev and Soviet Reform – Beginning in 1985, Soviet leader Gorbachev introduced policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (economic restructuring) in Soviet Union; met Reagan in 1985; within two years, the two nations were negotiating the elimination of intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Europe; Reagan favored a renewal of détente; Gorbachev then began to focus on domestic reform; series of peaceful uprisings in eastern Europe (“Velvet Revolution”) led to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989; military uprising in August 1991 was quelled by popular opposition led by Boris Yeltsin (president of the Russian Republic); on December 25, 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formally dissolved.

37 Iran Contra Crazy Scheme: Who was in control? Did Reagan know?Nicaragua has Socialist Government Sell Weapons to Iran Take Money and siphon it to rebels (Contras) in Nicaragua since Congress won’t allow it Who was in control? Did Reagan know? Looks old and out and of touch

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39 International Events End of the Cold War Reagan: “Evil Empire”Mikhail Gorbachev Glasnost= Openness, transparency Perestrokia Rebuilding the relationship Fall of the Berlin Wall Mr. Gorbachev Tear Down this wall!

40 Star Wars In 1983, President Reagan proposed his Strategic Defense Initiative Becomes known as “Star Wars” Technology= Not even close Soviet Union tries to broker deal= No Nukes if you give up SDI Reagan refuses USSR realizes they cant keep up

41 The Ultimate Example Berlin 1987 “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this Wall!”

42 Slowly Reagan backs off as heRealizes that Gorbachev is Trying to negotiate. Will begin meeting by 1985 And is now willing to talk By 1991 USSR, Cold War is Over and USSR falls apart

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44 Reagan and the Berlin Wall

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46 III. The End of the Cold WarB. A New Political Order at Home and Abroad 1. Election of 1988= George HW Bush wins on Reagan record 2. Middle East= New Hot Spot 3. Persian Gulf War= 1990 Iraq and Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait. a. Bush puts together coalition to defeat in Persian Gulf War. Wins easily but doesn’t replace Saddam. III. The End of the Cold War B. A New Political Order at Home and Abroad 1. Election of 1988 – Vice President George H.W. Bush received Republican nomination with Indiana senator Dan Quayle as his running mate; defeated Massachusetts governor, Michael Dukakis, by labeling him a “card-carrying liberal”; Bush won 53 percent of popular vote. 2. Middle East – U.S. under Reagan had attempted to persuade Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) to accept Israel, while seeking Israel’s acceptance of a Palestinian state; was unsuccessful during Reagan years; remained a divisive issue in Bush years. 3. Persian Gulf War – In August 1990, Saddam Hussein’s troops invaded Kuwait, believing U.S. would support, and threatened to invade Saudi Arabia; Bush convinced UN to use force against Iraq; coalition of thirty-four nations undertook military action; UN Resolution 687 imposed economic sanctions against Iraq unless it allowed unfettered inspection of its weapons systems, destroyed all biological and chemical arms, and unconditionally pledged not to develop nuclear weapons. 46

47 George I: 1988-1992 Rich Connecticut Family (Yale) WWII HeroDirector of CIA VP to Reagan Invasion of Panama Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War Read My Lips= “No new taxes”

48 Middle East Persian Gulf War of 1991 Iraq invaded Kuwait to take oilUS Sent 200,000 troops to Saudi Arabia (Desert Shield) warn Saddam Hussein Increased troops to 430,000 and in February 1991 invaded Iraq to free Kuwait (Desert Storm) International Coalition

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50 Bush I Americans with Disabilities Act 1991 Rodney King, police brutality, and “riots / rebellion” in Los Angeles Police acquitted Over 50 died, $1 billion in damage “Read my Lips- No New Taxes” Comes back to haunt him when he makes deal with Dems and …….raises taxes…..

51 Bush I Americans with Disabilities Act 1991 Rodney King, police brutality, and “riots / rebellion” in Los Angeles Police acquitted Over 50 died, $1 billion in damage “Read my Lips- No New Taxes” Comes back to haunt him when he makes deal with Dems and …….raises taxes…..

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55 A “New Democrat”: 1992-2000 Arkansas Gov.Working class, single parent household Charismatic New Democrat = Fiscally conservative Socially moderate Hillary comes with him

56 Main Issues and Events Tried to allow gays and lesbians to openly serve in the military Failed. Cultural conservatives and military leaders opposed it. “Don’t ask, don’t tell.” Tried to reform health care system to benefit the poor and uninsured. Failed. Pharmaceutical industry, doctors, republicans opposed it. Balance the Budget. Succeeded. Returned taxes on the rich back to previous levels. Cut spending. Increased tax credit for low income families

57 Continued… Bill and Monica Lewinsky Cover-up and InvestigationHouse: Articles of Impeachment Senate: No 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

59 The 2000 Election Most bitterly contested election in 100 yearsGore/Lieberman Moderate populism Shadow of Clinton Bush/Cheney “Compassionate Conservative” Voting irregularities Chads/Recounts Florida will be a Battle Ground

60 Florida and 2000 Florida’s 25 EC votes will decide majority winner and President in 2000 Election called for Gore – Bush - ???? Bush originally wins by 2000 votes (Out of 6 million!) Machine recount down to 900 Hand recount down to 200 or less Supreme Court eventually rules for Bush (271 EC) Bush= 2,912,790 (48.85%) Gore= 2,912,253 (48.84%)

61 2000 President George W. Bush [R] Main Opponent Albert Gore, Jr. [D]Electoral Vote Bush:   Gore:   266 Popular Vote Bush:   50,456, Gore:   50,996,582

62 ?Chads? How do you count voter intent? Hanging Chad controversey

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64 Bush II Reversal of Clinton’s policies $1.3 Trillion tax cut Y2KRolled back environmental protection Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan Economic recession

65 September 11th, 2001 Attack on World Trade Center Nearly 3,000 deadIslamic fundamentalists Twin Tours, Pentagon, and ?? Bush became a “War President” Osama Bin Ladin

66 Invasion of Iraq, Bush administration tied 9/11 attacks, Bin Laden and Al Qaeda to Iraq and Saddam Hussein Weapons of Mass Destruction?? Global terrorist threat and “Axis of Evil” “Mission Accomplished” War dragged on…Where’s Bin Laden? 10 Years of Occupation/Insurgency

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68 Election of Barak ObamaQuick Rise to top First African American Moderate/liberal Economic crisis Health Care National debt crisis

69 1. What does the Obama presidency suggest about the extent to which race relations have changed in the United States since the civil rights movement? (Answer: Obama’s election in 2008 demonstrates the amazing progress African Americans have made since the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Racism and prejudice have not been eliminated, but many Americans were willing in 2008 to vote for a black man on the assumption that he could perform as well as a white man in the job. This would have been unthinkable in the 1960s and even the 1990s.) 2. What, if anything, can we glean from this photograph about Barack Obama’s approach to the presidency? (Answer: Obama is walking with his wife, rather than riding in a limo, suggesting his interest in presenting himself as a regular person. His smile and wave suggest a certain amount of openness as well.)