1 Objectives Explain how villages grew into cities. List the characteristics of civilization. Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies early civilizations. Summarize how geography affected culture in the Fertile Crescent. Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about them. Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology. Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations. Procedure: 1.3, 2.1 Bell Ringer: “Why do people like to live in cities? Why would early people want to live in cities?” Lecture/Discussion Homework Review Homework: Read Chapter 2.2,3 and answer the questions at the end of each section. Guided Reading 1.3, 2.1

2 Chapter 1 Section 3 CivilizationProsperous farming villages, food surpluses, and new technology lead to the rise of civilizations.

3 Villages Grow Into CitiesAgriculture Causes Change Farming success leads to larger communities Economic Changes Ancient people build irrigation systems to increase food production (1) Food surpluses free some people to develop new skills (1) Craftspeople make cloth, objects; traders profit from exchange of goods Invention of wheel and sail enable traders to travel longer distances

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6 Villages Grow into CitiesSocial Changes Social classes develop; religion becomes more organized (2)

7 How Civilization DevelopsSumer Located in Mesopotamia, now part of modern Iraq One of the first civilizations-a complex culture: Advanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology

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9 How Civilization DevelopsAdvanced Cities Cities with larger populations rise (4), become centers of trade Specialized Workers Labor becomes specialized- specific skills of workers developed (3) Artisans make goods that show skill and artistic ability (3)

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12 How Civilization DevelopsComplex Institutions Institutions-(governments, religion, the economy) are established Governments establish laws, maintain order Temples are centers for religion, government, and trade

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14 How Civilization DevelopsRecord Keeping Professional record keepers, scribes, record taxes and laws Scribes invent cuneiform, a system of writing about 3000 B.C. People begin to write about city events Improved Technology New tools and techniques make work easier The Bronze Age starts in Sumer around 3000 B.C. People replace copper and stone with bronze to make tools, weapons

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17 Case Study: Ur in Sumer Civilization Emerges in UrFlourished about 3000 B.C. in what is now southern Iraq Population about 30,000; live in well-defined social classes Rulers, priests and priestesses, wealthy merchants, artisans, soldiers An Agricultural Economy Food surpluses keep the economy thriving Life in the City Families live in small houses tightly packed near one another Artisans make trade goods and weapons for Ur’s army

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19 Case Study: Ur in Sumer Ur’s Thriving TradeGoods and services bartered, or traded without using money Scribes make records of transactions (4) The Temple: Center of City Life Ziggurat, a temple, is tallest, most important building (B3) Priests carry out religious rituals there (interactive)

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21 Chapter 2 Section 1 City-States in MesopotamiaThe earliest civilization in Asia rises in Mesopotamia and organizes into city-states

22 Geography of the Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent-arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean Includes Mesopotamia-”land between the rivers”-a fertile plain Tigris and Euphrates rivers flood once a year, leaving rich soil

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24 Geography of the Fertile CrescentEnvironmental Challenges Around 3300 B.C. Sumerians begin farming southern Mesopotamia Environment poses three disadvantages: Floods are unpredictable; sometimes no rain Land offers no barriers to invasion Land has few natural resources; building materials scarce

25 Geography of the Fertile CrescentSolving Problems Through Organization Sumerians work together; find solutions to environmental problems Build irrigation ditches to control water, produce crops (1) Build walled cities for defense (2) Trade grain, cloth, and tools for raw materials-stone wood, metal (3) Organization, leadership, and laws are beginning of civilization

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27 Sumerians Create City-StatesSumerian City-States By 3000 B.C. Sumerians build cities surrounded by fields of crops Each is a city-state-an independent political unit Sumer city-states: Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur Each city has temple and ziggurat; priests appeal to gods (5)

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30 Sumerians Create City-StatesPriests and Rules Share Control Sumer’s early governments controlled by temple priests Some military leaders become rules; dynasties rule after 2500 B.C. (4) Dynasty-series of rules from a single family The Spread of Cities By 2500 B.C. many new cities in Fertile Crescent Sumerians exchange products and ideas with other cultures Cultural diffusion-process of one culture spreading to others

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32 Sumerian Culture A Religion of Many Gods Life in Sumerian SocietySumerians believe in many different gods-polytheism (B1) Gods are thought to control forces of nature Gods behave as humans do, but people are gods’ servants Life after death is bleak and gloomy Life in Sumerian Society Sumerians have social classes-kings, landholders, priests at top Wealthy merchants next; at lowest level are slaves Women have many rights; become priests, merchants, artisans

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34 The two panels depict scenes of war (bottom) and peace (top)

35 Sumerian Culture Sumerian Science and TechnologySumerians invent wheel, sail, and plow; first to use bronze (B4) Make advances in arithmetic and geometry Develop arches, columns, ramps, and pyramids for building Have a complex system of writing-cuneiform Study astronomy, chemistry, medicine

36 The First Empire BuildersTime of War From 3000 to 2000 B.C. city- states at constant war Sargon of Akkad Around 2350 B.C., Sargon from Akkad defeats city- states of Sumer Creates first empire- independent states under control of one leader His dynast lasts about 200 years

37 The First Empire BuildersBabylonian Empire Amorites, nomadic warriors, take control of region around 2000 B.C. Make Babylon, on Euphrates River, the capital Babylonian Empire at peak during Hammurabi’s rule ( B.C.)

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39 The Epic of Gilgamesh (B2)

40 The First Empire BuildersHammurabi’s Code Hammurabi creates a code of laws for the Babylonian empire 282 laws on all aspects of life; engraved in stone and made public Set different punishments depending on social class, gender Goal is for government to take responsibility for order, justice Amorite rule of Fertile Crescent ends 200 years after Hammurabi

41 The Code of Hammurabi

42 Objectives Explain how villages grew into cities. List the characteristics of civilization. Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies early civilizations. Summarize how geography affected culture in the Fertile Crescent. Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about them. Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology. Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations. Procedure: 1.3, 2.1 Bell Ringer: “Why do people like to live in cities? Why would early people want to live in cities?” Lecture/Discussion Homework Review Homework: Read Chapter 2.2,3 and answer the questions at the end of each section. Guided Reading 1.3, 2.1

43 Civilization

44 Has each of the followingAdvanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology

45 Specialization

46 Development of skills needed for one specific kind of work

47 Artisan

48 Skilled workers who make goods by hand

49 Institution

50 Government, organized religion, and an economy

51 Scribe

52 People who used writing to keep records

53 Cuneiform

54 Means “wedge shaped” was a form of writing invented in Sumer

55 Bronze Age

56 The time when people bean using bronze to make tools and weapons

57 Barter

58 Trading goods and services without money

59 Ziggurat

60 Pyramid shaped part of a temple

61 Civilization Advanced Cities Specialized Workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology

62 How did the social structure of village life change as the economy become more complex?

63 Social classes became more defined and religion become more organized

64 What role did irrigation systems play in the development of civilizations?

65 They allowed farmers to produce food surpluses, freeing some villagers to pursue other jobs and skills.

66 What are the key traits of a civilization?

67 Advanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology

68 Fertile Crescent

69 Arc of rich farmland in southwest Asia between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea

70 Mesopotamia

71 The land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

72 City State

73 Political unit much like an independent country

74 Dynasty

75 Series of rulers from a single family

76 Cultural Diffusion

77 New ideas spreading from one culture to another

78 Polytheism

79 Belief in many gods

80 Empire

81 Peoples, nations, or independent states under control of one ruler

82 Hammurabi

83 Babylonian ruler famous for his code of laws

84 Problems Floods/Climate No natural barriers Limited resources Solutions Irrigation ditches Walled cities Trade with other groups

85 What were the three environmental challenges to Sumerians?

86 Unpredictable floods with a dry climate, few natural defenses, and few natural resources

87 How did the Sumerians view the gods?

88 They saw them as immortal and all-powerful and ready to punish them at any time

89 What areas of life did Hammurabi’s Code cover?

90 Family relations, business conduct, and crime

91 Objectives Explain how villages grew into cities. List the characteristics of civilization. Describe how the city of Ur exemplifies early civilizations. Summarize how geography affected culture in the Fertile Crescent. Describe city-states and how other cultures learned about them. Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology. Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations. Procedure: 1.3, 2.1 Bell Ringer: “Why do people like to live in cities? Why would early people want to live in cities?” Lecture/Discussion Homework Review Homework: Read Chapter 2.2,3 and answer the questions at the end of each section. Guided Reading 1.3, 2.1