1 Orientation IntroductionThe Human Body Orientation Introduction
2 What is anatomy? It is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts and their relationship to one another.
3 What is physiology? It is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
4 What are the 11 systems of the human body?Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system Nervous system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system Respiratory system Digestive system Urinary system Reproductive system
5 What are the levels of structural organization?Chemical level – made up of atoms Cellular level – made up of molecules Tissue level – made up of similar groups of cells that have a common function Organ level – made up of two or more tissue types to perform a specific function System level – made up of a group of organs to accomplish a common purpose Organismal level – made up of the 11 organ systems
6 What are the necessary life functions for maintaining life?Maintaining boundaries - skin Movement – walking, swimming, running Responsiveness – sense changes or stimuli in the environment Digestion – breaking down food into molecules Metabolism – all chemical reactions that occur in the body cells Excretion – removal wastes from body Reproduction – production of offspring Growth – increase in size
7 What are the survival needs?Nutrients (food) – needed for energy and cell building Oxygen – needed for release of energy from food Water – needed for body secretions and excretions (60% to 80% of body weight) Body temperature (37ºC or 98ºF) Atmospheric pressure – needed for breathing and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
8 What is homeostasis? It is the body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the outside environment is changing Controlled by nervous and endocrine systems example: control mechanism Receptor – sensor responds to change Control center – maintains the level or set point Effector – response to stimulus
9 What is the language of anatomy?Define the following directional terms: Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal) Anterior (ventral) Posterior (dorsal) Medial Lateral Intermediate Proximal Distal Superficial deep Define the following body plane terms: Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane
10 What are the body cavities?Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity – space inside the bony skull Spinal cavity – from cranial cavity to the end of the vertebral column Ventral body cavity C. Thoracic cavity – separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm D. Abdominopelvic cavity – inferior to thoracic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity
11 Body Planes Diagram
12 Body Directional Diagram
13 Body Plane Diagrams
14 Brain Directional Diagram
15 Skeletal Directional Diagrams