1 Origins of a New Nation Ch 1-3

2 Cultures Collide 1st to arrive are the Paleo- Indians Hunter gatherersNomadic From Siberia Migrated during an ice age Quickly adapted Created diverse cultures Beginnings of agriculture

3 The Southwest Anasazi/ Pueblo settled in the hillsMontezuma's Castle Hohokam/ Pima settled in Gila & Salt River Valleys Irrigation Adobe homes Traded with Aztecs

4 Mississippi River Valley & The Great PlainsThose near the Mississippi River are called Mississippian Had large towns with pyramid like temples West were the Great Plains Indians Athapaskan =Apache Tepee Culture Geronimo

5 Eastern Woodlands Southeast Northeast Iroquois League Big name TribesCherokee, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Natchez Northeast Two major groups Algonquians Iroquois Biggest difference was housing (wigwam vs longhouses) Iroquois League Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, & Senecas Confederation Promoted peaceful co-existence not leadership

6 DUE: Friday August 1st beginning of hourCulture Cube You will each be researching one early North American civilization pre Christopher Columbus & the Europeans You will “present” your findings on a tissue box It will include : A map of their territory A timeline showing 5 key events in their civilization An example of their artwork A short paragraph describing their cultural characteristics (religion, gov’t, military, language, art, economy, architecture, etc.) A short paragraph about an individual tied to you civilization (basic facts; name, years lived, profession, role, etc.) A title for your cube in large print, your name and class period Possible civilizations: Maya, Aztec, Anasazi, Hohokam, Mississippian, Apache, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Natchez, Creek, Iroquois, Algonquin, Navajo, Inuits, etc.

7 From Black Plague to New AgeEscape from the dark ages into the middle ages New political and cultural developments Rome has fallen , lots have died due to disease and famine 1400’s Europe Agriculture rules If you aren’t rich you are beyond poor or a lucky gentry commoner Since resources are running out Europe starts looking beyond it’s borders for supplies and new trade partners Religious conflict Christians v s Muslims old school style … the Crusades start Christians wanted the Holy Land for keeps Muslims fought and won Lasting effects: new trade routes, new martials for clothing (silk),, more gems for their crowns, and new spices to make their porridge more tasty

8 Beyond borders & our brainsLittle ol’ Portugal With help from Aragon and Castile waged the Reconquista on the Muslim Moors who had ruled the area for hundreds of years Proximity to Africa, the Atlantic and newly united Spain with all the new inventions from the East allowed Portugal to get a head start on exploration 1419 Prince Henry the Navigator Mid 1400’s a new era was born… Renaissance Favored a renewed interest in arts and sciences and focused on the individual and experimentation Europe basically went from not school to lots of school Books increased with the invention of printing as easy access to paper (thanks China!) Trade increased with China, India and Africa thanks to the Silk Road

9 Homework Due Friday 7/25 Read Ch 1 Sec 1 & 2Answer Critical Thinking questions 4-6 Pg 10 & 14

10 West Africa Trade center Slavery Why?Desert in N. Africa Coast line/large rivers = easy transportation Lots of natural resources aka stuff to trade Salt, gold Ghana: earliest kingdom and trading leader Mail, Songhai Slavery West Africans sold slaves to Arab Traders Conquered/captured during warfare Criminals Slaves were adopted by families not “owned” Often times they became soldiers Portuguese Interested originally in only gold Once introduced to slave trade they made it spread like wild fire 1482: 1st European trade center opened 1500: 1000 African slaves/yr purchased by Europeans (dbl what the Arabs did) Lead to overseas trading to work on plantations

11 First Encounters Soon after Portugal Spain heads west through the Atlantic Christopher Columbus Italian Was trying to sail to China to revive the Christian fight against the Muslims Severely underestimated the size of the earth by 7,000 miles 1492: with 3 ships he is granted the ability to set sail by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella 33days later he reaches the Bahamas thinking they were the East Indies Called the people thee Indians… and the name stuck Amerigo Vespucci Italian (same city) A year after Columbus explored South America’s coast deeming it a new continent Hence North and South AMERIca

12 Spanish Expansion Quickly Spain heard of amazing Indian empires of central “Mexico” Sent soldiers to explore and defeat them Conquistadors 1519 Hernandez Cortes led a group of 600 volunteers from Cuba to Mexico University trained as a lawyer Moctezuma (Aztec leader) made friends with him to try and preserve his empire Cortes killed him for the gold and wealth that Moctezuma’s capital Tenochtitlan had As the conquistadors marched on they unintentionally spread disease and destroyed the natives of Hispaniola Expansion lead to transatlantic trading Greater access to weapons, plants, animals, minerals created a thirst for wealth and power Columbian Exchange: never before had the world’s plants, animals, and microorganisms been so abruptly mixed and dispersed

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14 Ch 1 Vocab Nomadic Anasazi Pueblo Hohokam Pima MississippianIroquois League Middle Ages Renaissance Reconquista Prince Henry the Navigator Christopher Columbus Amerigo Vespucci Conquistador Hernandez Cortez Columbia Exchange

15 Homework: DUE Mon 7/28 Read Ch1 Sec 3 & 4 Ch 1 ReviewPage 30 Questions 1-15 Remember your Culture Cube is due Friday 8/1

16 What Stuck? On the sticky note I will give you answer the following question to the best of your ability Then rate on a scale of 0-4 how confident you are in your answer You do NOT need to include your name How did the interaction of many cultures after 1492 affect the Americas? Once finished place sticky note on “What Stuck” wall by the front door.

17 Spain’s Empire in the AmericasDue to Spain’s success in the America’s they launched an aggressive military campaign in Europe Flexed their muscles, showed off the riches their explorers brought back Irritated other nations who also wanted to explore new world Pirates robbed Spanish ships for gold Religious Divisions Cause Conflict Protestant Reformation begins in Germany Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church His followers were called Protestant for PROTESTing the Church Quickly spread through Europe

18 Protestant Leaders Martin Luther (1483-1546) John Calvin Henry VIIIGerman monk Issues Indulgences Purgatory Celibacy Devotion to Mary and saints 1517 Lutheran Church John Calvin French Geneva, Switzerland Predestination Henry VIII England heir issues Divorce Anglican Church

19 Spain organizes its AmericasMissionaries Catholic friars ordered by the king/pope to set up camp and convert natives Indians would have to also work for the missionaries 15030’s-1540’s Spain settles New Spain and Peru Colony: a settlement of people living in a new territory linked to a parent country via trade and gov’t Mostly men immigrated across the Atlantic to the American Empire Took Indian wives, mestizos and castas Beginning of Mexico Led to Spain establishing Encomienda System Economic system in Spanish colonies where the elites were given control over large pieces of land or plantations by the King. Included any natives that happened to also live on that land. Served as slaves

20 Spain Pushes North 1539: de Soto explores Florida1540: Coronado searches for Golden Cities near the Rio Grande (Texas) 1560s: Spain lost interest in the northern lands since no gold was found BUT they colonized it in order to create a barrier between them and their hostile European rivals to the north Defensive zone 1590’s: New Mexico is colonized 1607: Santé Fe is the capital Colonists outnumbered 2,000 to 40,000 Pueblo Indians Missions created and Indians were expected to leave their traditional ways dress, act, speak, and eat like Spaniards Popé leads revolt 1680 Urged Pueblos to return to traditional culture & religion Convinced the Pueblos and Apaches to revolt against colonists Promised peace & prosperity

21 The French Empire Early 1500’s explorers looking for a place to establish new colonies but also for a Northwest Passage Est. New France near mouth of the St. Lawrence river (Quebec) Grew very slowly Develop a very profitable fur trading business Beaver Unlike the Spanish the French didn’t enslave the Indians Used them to trap for furs French took little land and had few conflicts with Indians Created alliances and intermarried Brought their own missionaries Jesuits – Catholic order 1682: French explorers moved south along the Mississippi river to Louisiana Named after King Louis XIV and claimed for France New Orleans est. 1718 Used as a military base to keep the British from having access to the mighty Mississippi

22 Homework: Due Tuesday 7/30Read Ch 2 Section 1 & 2 Answer Critical Thinking questions Page 39 & 43 questions 4-6

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24 England’s Southern ColoniesOriginally settled by wealthy businessmen Trying to solve England’s problems Poverty, growing population Roanoke Colony 1st: failed Small island off N. Carolina (originally considered Virginia) Colonists either returned home or vanished Virginia Company send more colonists 30 tribes & nearly 24 ,000 in the VA area United under Powhatan Captain John Smith Strong leader who helped promote clearing of VA wild lands for farms

25 Southern Colonies Jamestown Conflict with NativesPowhatan’s favorite daughter, Pocahontas, is captured Converts to Christianity and marries John Rolfe Wars with Algonquin's over expansion Tobacco saves the day John Rolfe lead colonists in farming tobacco Free land attracts more settlers House of Burgesses Founded by Virginia Co. 1st representative body for farmers Male landowners over 17 could vote for 2 reps Could make laws and raise taxes 1624 Crown took over Virginia 1st royal colony

26 Bacon’s Rebellion 1675 war broke out between Indians and settlers in VA Near the Potomac River Valley Settlers wanted to eradicate Indians from territory Royal Gov of VA, William Berkeley didn’t do much United under rebel leader Nathaniel Bacon Under Bacon’s leadership towns men slaughtered Indians Peaceful and hostile When Berkeley objected Bacon marched his men to Jamestown Sept 1676 Bacon and his men drove out the gov and burned down the town Bacon died a month later and Berkeley regained power Why we care? Bacon’s Rebellion showed that poor farmers could unite and over through the wealthiest of colonists.

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28 Maryland 1632 2nd English Colony established by KingHonoring Queen Mary Lord Baltimore is governed colony Hoped for Maryland to be a refuge for Catholics Didn’t work

29 Maryland 1st settled: 1634 by English Romans and CalvinistsSponsored by/Charter: Lord Baltimore & Eng 1691 Main Reason for coming.: Religious refuge for English Catholics and “Calverts” Religion/Est. Church: None Exports: corn, tobacco, fruit, veg, fish, iron, lumber clay, bricks, ships

30 Carolinas 1670 est Named in honor of King Charles IIWasn’t split originally into North and South Carolina 1691 Northern portion set aside by Lord Proprietors as a separate colony, North Carolina

31 NORTH CAROLINA 1st settled: Anglican EnglishSponsored by/Charter: by separates from S.C. & 1729 Anglican English Main Reason for coming.: Economic gain Religion/Est. Church: Anglican/Church of Eng. Exports: wheat, tobacco, corn, metals, wine, glass, furs, tar, lumber

32 SOUTH CAROLINA 1st settled: by English Catholics and French Huguenots Sponsored by/Charter: Carolina Co. 1663 Main Reason for coming.: Economic gain & religious freedom Religion/Est. Church: Catholic Church Exports: rice, beef, silk worms, cotton, indigo, furniture, lumber, tobacco, grapes, wine, olives, raisins

33 Georgia 1732 est Intended to protect South Carolina from Spanish Florida Strict rules No drinking Could not own slaves Work your own land No large plantations Rules angered colonists and they overthrew trustees in 1752

34 Georgia 1st settled: 1733 by Anglican English & German MoravianSponsor & Charter: James Oglethorpe 1732 England 1752 Main Reason for coming.: English Prison for debtors and religious freedom for the Moravians English Charter: & 1752 Religion/Est. Church: Church of Eng. Exports: rice, cotton, indigo, tobacco, fruit, pork

35 New England Most New England colonies were established by PuritansThe wanted to purify the Church of England Believed in the teaching of John Calvin, leading moral lives, praying devoutly, reading the Bible, and listening to sermons Salvation depended on the will of God not their adherence to the rules Established Plymouth Colony in 1620 Built English style homes, survived due to the natives Thanksgiving… Massachusetts Bay Colony Est Boston in 1630 by John Winthrop City upon a hill: example for the people of England 1630’s Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson angered their Puritan communities Said that MA hadn’t done enough to break Anglian ways Williams: settlers should have to purchase land from natives not take Hutchinson: both men and women should be able to preach the word of God

36 Conflict in MA Salem Witch Trials Pequot War King Phillip’s War 1675Punishing of suspected witches Most famous 1692: tried and convicted 19/20 witches As the accusations reached well to due families the trials stopped Pequot War 1630’s Puritans traded furs with the Pequot Indians Rivalry broke out coupled with the opposition of English expansion led to outbreak of war 1636: Puritans accused Pequot's of murder, Pequot's denied Puritan’s teamed up with other Indian nations against the Pequot's Puritans attacked Pequot villages , burned villages and eventually wiped out the entire Pequot nations Lead to Puritans est Praying Towns to help convert all Inidans King Phillip’s War 1675 Massive indian rebellion lead by Metacom (King Phillip) 12 towns destroyed, 1,000 English killed, 3,000 Indians killed

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40 Connecticut 1st settled: 1634 by Puritans from MassachusettsSponsored by/Charter: John Winthrop Jr. (England) 1662 Main Reason for coming.: Expansion from Mass. Religion/Est. Church: Puritan Church Exports: fish, fur, timber, metals, wool, ships

41 Middle Colonies Est by Dutch merchants beginning in 1609Religiously tolerant Most diverse of all the colonies New Sweden is founded near Delaware Rv 1638 New York becomes a colony in 1664 by England New Jersey est 1664 Pennsylvania Settled by William Penn, as a debt paid to him by King Charles II. Quaker: radical form of Protestantism Sought understand of Bible No clergy, women were equal to men, refused to bear arms, tolerated other faiths, no tax supported church

42 New York 1st settled: 1624 by the DutchSponsored by/Charter: England 1664 Main Reason for coming.: Economic gain Religion/Est. Church: Anglican/Church of Eng.1692 Exports: fur, timber, cattle, horses, beer, flour, iron

43 NEW JERSEY 1st settled: 1638 Swedish Lutheran, New York Dutch, Eng. Quaker (& die hard Springsteen fans) Sponsored by: John Berkeley 1664, George Carteret 1664 and Eng 1702 Main Reason for coming.: Economic gain, expansion, religious freedom English Charter: 1624 Religion/Est. Church: none Exports: cattle, Indian corn, wheat, flour

44 Pennsylvania 1st settled: 1681 by Germans escaping the 30 years warSponsored by/Charter: William Penn Main Reason for coming: Religious Freedom (Mennonite,Amish, Brethren, Moravian) Religion/Est. Church: none Exports: wheat, apples, corn, dairy cattle, wine, beer, bricks, rope

45 Delaware 1st settled: by Swedish Lutherans, the Dutch, and English Anglican Sponsored by/Charter: Duke of York 1683, Pennsylvania 1693 Main Reason for coming.: Economic gain Religion/Est. Church: Lutheran and Anglican ..no est. church Exports: furs, tobacco, meat, grain, flour, lumber, horses, cloth, iron

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47 Homework: Due Wed 7/31 Read Ch 2 sec 3-5As you read answer the Checkpoint questions There are 12 all together They are spread through out the reading. Look for the yellow circle with Checkpoint written in blue.

48 On a half sheet of paper…Explain how and why did Europeans establish colonies in the Americas ? Give me two examples

49 Ch 2 Vocab Colony Encomienda System Popé John Smith Powhatan JamestownHouse of Burgesses Bacon’s Rebellion Puritans Plymouth Colony Mass. Bay Colony Roger Williams Anne Hutchinson Pequot War Quaker William Penn

50 Unit 1 test You should be testing next week on block dayWe will review on Tuesday in class Vocab is due on the day of the test 1st hour: Wednesday 4th & 6th hour: Thurday

51 Ch 2 review due @ end of hourPg 38 ?s 1 & 2 Pgs ?s 1 & 2 Pg 54 ?s 1 & 2 Pg 58 ?s 1& 2 Pg 63 ?s 1-4 You will need to look at all images and the captions in order to accurately answer the questions 12 questions on all

52 The American Colonies Take ShapeImmigration Europeans migrate in large numbers Increase in diversity in colonies Indentured servants: poor immigrants who couldn’t pay their passage so they promised to work off the money in the new world –mainly from England Scotch-Irish settled west in the back country Germans fled due to war, taxes and religious persecution Slavery Begins in the 1600’s –originally treated like indentured servants aka they were free after several years of work Changed around 1650 1700 slaver expanded Triangular trade: traders went from Europe to Africa, Africa to new world, new world to Europe Middle passage: portion of the triangular trade where slaves were shipped to new world

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54 Africans in the AmericasMost slaves initially went to the West Indies Those who came to the colonies went to work on plantations Slavery varied by region New England & Middle Colonies –fewer, worked mostly as farm hands or on the docks Southern Colonies –plantation workers, hard labor, beaten New Culture Meshing of different African tribes + traditions of colonists Banjo, BBQ, country music, Runaways Became more and more common over the years Maroons: villages of runaways in swamps of Florida Stono Rebellion: SC, 1739, 100 slaves killed 20 whites Free Africans Phillis Wheatly: of Boston, 1st African to publish a book of poems, learned to read, write by her master,

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56 American Colonies and EnglandGov’t of the Colonies English Traditions prevailed Magna Carta: protected nobles from King by limiting taxation and guaranteeing due process 1000’s of miles from King Sort of forgotten about, hard to punish English Bill of Rights Habeas Corpus The Glorious Revolution: peasants in England revolt Led to Salutary Neglect in colonies Allowed colonies to self-rule in return for cooperation with economic policies and wars England economic relationship with colonies Mercantilism Navigation Acts: regulate trade, increase ships, sailor, and goods Only English owned ships/sailors were allowed Those owned by the colonies were confiscated Everything had to go through England

57 New Ideas Enlightenment Great AwakeningMovement led by thinkers who believed that all problems could be solved with reason Rousseau, Voltaire and John Locke Colonists were inspired Benjamin Franklin: experiments, inventions wrote Great Awakening Evangelical preachers traveled to spread the world of God Religious experience was essential to salvation Formed new churches, church attendance increased Increase of religious tolerance Colonist begin to believe that they have a choice in worship Leads to choice of gov’t

58 Homework: Due Monday 8/5 Read Ch 3 sections 1 & 2Answer checkpoints as you go 6 total ?s

59 Regional Comparisons Economic patterns New England: Middle Colonies:little crops due to harsh seasons, small farms for livestock, Exports: lumber, fish (cod), ships Middle Colonies: Moderate farms, decent weather Exports: wheat The South Long growing season, large, crops, warmer weather Staple/cash crops: in demand, tobacco, sugar, rice, indigo Exports: cattle, lumber, rice, indigo, tobacco (cotton doesn’t become important until later)

60 Regional Comparisons Social Patterns New England: Middle Colonies:Few Africans Middle class immigrants, families aka more women, economic equality Healthier environment –free of malaria & dysentery, high life expectance (70) Groups of men could est towns Schools = literacy Colleges (Princeton, Rutgers, Harvard, Yale) Middle Colonies: Most ethnically & culturally diverse More economic opportunities Life expectance 45yrs old The South Majority of population Africans Poor young single male immigrants, short term & long term farmers as indentured servants Plantations are spread out, no clusters of homes Few churches & schools = illiteracy Few white wealthy farmers, most were middle class

61 Wars of Empire Indians through off the balance of power Balance shiftsEngland and France at war personally in new world France had upper hand since they were on better terms with the Indians –English settlers often held raids and what not The Indians quickly realized the benefit of keeping peace between the French and British Gifts were exchanged for support ex guns and ammo If one side won they would loose their leverage to negotiate Balance shifts England and France were levying for land in Ohio (fertile) France built a fort to discourage the British from moving in British sent in troops in 1754 led by George Washington Defeated French but had to surrender when reinforcements arrived Beginning of a world war In Europe it’s called the Seven Years’ War here it’s the French and Indian War

62 French and Indian War Early battles Treaty of ParisBritish didn’t do so well in N. America 1755 British overwhelmed the French in Nova Scotia turning tides The settlers that lived there (Acadians) were sent to Louisiana The farms that the Acadians left they gave to English settlers 1756/1757 France battled back with the help of Indian raids on the English 1758/1759 British ships were able to block French shipments to the Americas Won favor of the Indians Treaty of Paris 1763: Triumphant victory for British Won: India, East/West Indies, Florida, Canada, Great Lakes country, and Ohio River Valley

63 More Upheaval Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation of 1763Spring 1763 Indian groups, mostly from the interior, staged a surprise attacks on British forts on the Ohio River Summer 1763 raids started on western Pennsylvania towns by Indians British called this uprising Pontiac’s Rebellion Indians’ goal was to weaken the British in hopes of luring the French back to the area Proclamation of 1763 End to the uprising Document between English settlers and Indian nations stating that the settlers wouldn’t move west of the Appalachian Mt

64 Homework: Due Tues 8/6 Ch 3 in text review Pg 92 ?s 1-17