1 OSHE 111 Lecture 1 Introduction to Occupational Safety, Health, and Environment Spring Semester, 2016 Instructor: Chris Kuiper, CSP

2 Introduction Background and experience – industry and universityApproach to teaching Call or anytime – I will return I care that you gain from this class – don’t be afraid to ask for help

3 Safety, Health and the EnvironmentWhat does safety mean to you? What is a hazard? Are there really “accidents”? What is a safety “culture”? What is the difference between occupational safety and occupational health? How does safety and health interact with the environment?

4 Safety - Risks and ComplianceControl or elimination of recognized hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk. Company safety policy says “ We will comply all with all laws and regulations.” What do you think about that statement? When a company and its employees commit to removing or limiting hazards in the workplace through policies, procedures, accountability and enforcement, hazard control can be successfully implemented. Do you think we can achieve and maintain control?

5 Hazards Something that can cause harm.A condition that, either by itself or in combination with others, can result in an accident. We will discuss incident theories in this course. Interesting topic because it makes us go deeper than “Employee was not paying attention” or “lack of proper training.”

6 Accident An event or series of events that results in, or has the potential to result in Death, injury, or illness Property damage Environmental harm Webster Dictionary defines an accident as “… an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance. An unfortunate event resulting from carelessness or ignorance.” Could it have been foreseen? Struck by lightning an accident? Ever been in a car “accident?” Because we can identify a risk – does not mean we can control it.

7 Why We Strive To Prevent AccidentsNeedless destruction of life, health, and environment is morally unjustified. Failure to take necessary precautions against predictable accidents and occupational illnesses makes management and workers morally responsible for those accidents and illnesses. Know anyone hurt, or killed, in an industrial accident?

8 Why We Strive To Prevent AccidentsAccidents and occupational illnesses severely limit efficiency and productivity. Accidents and occupational illnesses can produce far-reaching social harm. There are techniques available and effective in reducing accident rates and promoting efficiency and productivity. Regulations mandate management responsibility to provide a safe and healthful workplace.

9 OSHA General Duty Clause - Section 5(A)(1)(a) Each employer -- (1) shall furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees; (2) shall comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. (b) Each employee shall comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct.

10 Differences Between Safety and HealthSafety is concerned with injury causing conditions. Lacerations, sprain, strain, etc. Health is concerned with illness causing conditions. Asbestos, carpal tunnel syndrome, hydrogen sulfide, noise exposure, etc.

11 Before the Industrial Revolution – 1760-1840Most production done by master craftsmen Apprentices and journeyman assisted What is the difference between an apprentice, a journeyman or a Master? Who is the safest? Depends on age and years of service : 16-24, year old were the highest. Private industry lowest (TRIR 3.2) and local government highest (TRIR 5.4) 2014 rates. (1) System fostered skill and safety Close, personal supervision https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EiY9Oc72oE Long-term relationship Reputation of the master/mentor Focus on quality instead of quantity (1) BLS.gov

12 Industrial Revolution (1840-1870)Faster and greater production based on inventions and innovations. Increased hazards. Work organization shifted into large units: Supervision not as close as it had been; Lack of training; etc. Accidents were “cheap.” Half of those killed recovered any compensation – then about half a year pay. Appalling number of workers’ accidents and deaths in mining, for example. 1890 – 18,943 est. 1900 – 19,043 est. Source: Aldrich, Mark. “Preventing ‘The Needless Peril of the Coal Mine': the Bureau of Mines and the Campaign Against Coal Mine Explosions, ” Technology and Culture 36, no. 3 (1995):

13 U.S. Safety & Health MovementProduction rates increased rapidly in the last half of the 1800s Poor safety and health 1.75 million (probably an underestimate) working children between the ages of 10 to 15 (1900 census) Source: Child Labor - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Worked 12 to 14 hours per day No health or safety guidelines Deaths and injuries: “one of the costs of doing business”

14 U.S. Safety & Health MovementCommon Law of the time favored the employer Fellow Servant Rule: The employer was not liable for an injury to an employee that resulted from the negligence of a fellow employee. Contributory Negligence: The employer was not liable if the employee was injured due to his own negligence. Assumption of Risk: The employer was not liable because the employee took the job with full knowledge of the risks and hazards involved.

15 Results of Injuries Lost income since they could not work because of disabilities. Charities and other means of assistance were limited. Court proceedings were expensive and drawn out. Threw families into conditions of poverty.

16 The 1906 Pittsburgh Survey The first serious survey of worker injuries/fatalities (Source: Pittsburgh Survey of 1906 – vol. 2) Concentrated on accidents in the Allegheny County in Pennsylvania “Death Calendar”: Two deaths per day for the entire year, plus many more crippling injuries How about the entire U.S.? (Source: CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol, 48/No .22, June 11, 1999.) 1913 – Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) approximately 23,000 deaths among 38 million workers (61 deaths per 100,000 workers.) 1997 – 5,100 deaths but 130 million workers (4 deaths per 100,000 workers.)

17 The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory FireNew York City in 1911 146 employees dead – most women and children Outraged the public – spurred efforts at factory and working conditions reform

18 Acceleration of Safety and HealthWorkers’ compensation First compensation system in America was proposed by President Taft and put into law in 1908 to cover those workers involved in interstate trade Source: Haller JS. Industrial accidents-worker compensation laws and the medical response. Western J of Med.1988;148:341–348. First comprehensive workers' compensation law was finally passed shortly thereafter in Wisconsin in 1911. Source: Ibid Injured worker would receive some means of sustenance, regardless of who was at fault for the injury. Employers required to pay for the workers’ compensation.

19 Workers’ CompensationNew York: Wainwright Law (1910) Declared unconstitutional Denied employer 14th Amendment rights for due process Wisconsin: Workers’ Compensation Act (1911) New Jersey and Washington tried with similar results 1917: U.S. Supreme Court says that workers’ compensation is constitutional Laws enacted at the state level

20 Acceleration of Safety and HealthWorkers’ compensation laws set fixed rates for all injuries so employees would not have to sue to recover damages. Worker fatalities once cost railroads $200, now cost $2,000. Made costs to businesses predictable and reduced labor strife.

21 Technical Progress Sharp rise in accident costs that resulted from compensation laws and tighter employers’ liability initiated the modern concern with work safety.  Managers look for hidden dangers and require workers wear hard hats and safety glasses. Air brakes and automatic couplers for rail cars. Machine guarding, fire prevention, etc. Mining industry shifted to strip mining. The steel industry and railroads were some of the earliest to advance safety as a concern.

22 Insurance Rates were based on a company’s accident record.Insurance companies hired safety inspectors to get clients’ injury rates down. Widely used today. Insurance companies also kept statistics on injuries. Actuarial uses probability statistics to set industry rates. Some companies misuse Experience Modification Rate (EMR) to portray a better incident rate. How do you suppose a company could underreport losses?

23 Learning from DisastersCollapse of Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940 – Galloping Gertie Three Mile Island Accident in 1979 – Partial Nuclear Reactor Meltdown Bhopal Disaster in 1984 – Over 2,000 dead Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster in 1986 – An Accident? Chernobyl Disaster in Ukraine Phillips Disaster in 1989 – 23 dead BP Deepwater Horizon in 2006 – 11 dead/210 million gallons oil and over $60 billion and counting.

24 Creation of OrganizationsAmerican Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE): founded in 1911 to promote professionalism among safety practitioners National Safety Council (NSC): founded in 1913 to educate and influence people to prevent accidental injury and death American National Standards Institute (ANSI): formed in 1918 to establish standards and codes for products, processes, systems, safety, etc.

25 Creation of Organizations (Cont.)American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA): founded in 1939 as a membership organization of occupational and environmental health professionals practicing industrial hygiene in industry, government, labor, academic institutions, and independent organizations. Many others

26 “Accident” or Something Else?Molten Metal Explosion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osy2cGfmEAQ

27 Occupational Accidents: TrendsEvery 5 seconds a worker is injured. Every 10 seconds a worker is temporally or permanently disabled. Each day, an average of 17 people die from workplace injuries on the job. Each day, an average of 137 people die from work-related diseases. Source: Reese, Charles, D. (2003) Occupational Health and Safety Management: A Practical Approach. Lewis Publishers.

28 Occupational Safety and Health: Industry TrendsIncreased audits and inspections Behavior based safety programs Formal risk assessments Design for safety Automation – operations and data Training Management systems

29 Think About … What would happen if federal and state mandated regulations were taken away? Should safety be prioritized? Why?