1 PANAMA CANAL WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Lima Water Cycle Capacity Building Workshop LIMA, PERÚ November 30 – December 4, 2009 POR: JORGE A. ESPINOSA MANAGER OF THE SECCIÓN DE RECURSOS HÍDRICOS AUTORIDAD DEL CANAL DE PANAMÁ LIMA, PERÚ 30 NOVEMBER 2009

2

3 OCÉANO PACÍFICO OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO ColónColón Ciudad de Panamá Ciudad de Panamá Panama Canal Wateshed

4 Colon Embalse Gatún Embalse Alhajuela Esclusas de Pedro Miguel Esclusas de Miraflores Ciudad de Panamá Esclusas de Gatún OCÉANO PACÍFICO OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO 3338 km 2 Panama Canal Wateshed

5 MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL (mm)

6 Comparative Sketch of the Active Storage of the Panama Canal Impoundments Alhajuela Lake : Surface Area = 50.2 Km 2 (19.4 mi 2 ) a 76.83 m (252.0 ft) Gatun Lake : Surface Area = 436 Km 2 (168.4 mi 2 ) a 26.67 m (87.5 ft)

7 Panama Canal Gatun Lake Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Miraflores Lake Gatún Locks Pedro Miguel Locks Miraflores Locks  The Panama Canal was inaugurated in August 15, 1914  The navigational channel is about 50 miles (80 km) long from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean  Gatun lake is 85 feet (26 m) above mean sea level  The waterway is used to raise and lower ships in each lock from Gatun Lake to the Oceans by moving water using the force of gravity (aproximately 55 millon gallons of sweet water is used per transit)  The Panama Canal was inaugurated in August 15, 1914  The navigational channel is about 50 miles (80 km) long from the Caribbean Sea to the Pacific Ocean  Gatun lake is 85 feet (26 m) above mean sea level  The waterway is used to raise and lower ships in each lock from Gatun Lake to the Oceans by moving water using the force of gravity (aproximately 55 millon gallons of sweet water is used per transit)

8 Water Resource Management

9 Annual Goals of the Water Resources Section Manage the water so that lake levels, at the onset of the dry season, are at: Gatun = 87.5 ft, Alhajuela = 250.0 ft. Guarantee enough raw water to potabilize for Panama and Colon Cities and sorrounding areas Guarantee enough water for the navegation bussiness Optimize the water resource for hydroelectric generation Implement the Flood Control Program in the Panama Canal Watershed Coordinate the Maintenance Program of the Dams and Spillways and saddle dams of the Autoridad del Canal de Panama Manage the water so that lake levels, at the onset of the dry season, are at: Gatun = 87.5 ft, Alhajuela = 250.0 ft. Guarantee enough raw water to potabilize for Panama and Colon Cities and sorrounding areas Guarantee enough water for the navegation bussiness Optimize the water resource for hydroelectric generation Implement the Flood Control Program in the Panama Canal Watershed Coordinate the Maintenance Program of the Dams and Spillways and saddle dams of the Autoridad del Canal de Panama

10 Observation Systems Hydromet. Telemtry System ( 65 sites in the watershed ) Weather Doppler Radar – S band Satellite Direct Readout Station (GOES) NOAA Port Rawindsonde Station (WMO 78806) MM5 Meteorological Model Hydrology Forecast Model (NWSRFS) VISTA Decision Support System (DSS) Hydromet. Telemtry System ( 65 sites in the watershed ) Weather Doppler Radar – S band Satellite Direct Readout Station (GOES) NOAA Port Rawindsonde Station (WMO 78806) MM5 Meteorological Model Hydrology Forecast Model (NWSRFS) VISTA Decision Support System (DSS)

11 Meteorological Stations Rainfall Meteorology

12 Fog Detection Meteorological Station Network

13 Meteorological and Gatun Lake Level Station

14 Telemetry Rainfall Station

15 River Level Recording Station

16 Hydrometeorological Telemetry System Telephone pairs Building 721, Corozal Oeste Engineering Division, Met&Hid Remote VHF Radio Transmition (170.3 MHz) Stations Cerro Pelado Repeater (Gamboa) Fiber Optic Link Building 741, Corozal O. Telecomunication Network Units Master Station Meteorological Model Hydrological Model

17

18 WEATHER RADAR SCREEN

19 Direct Readout Satellite Station Image

20 NOAA PORT

21 Telemetry Master Station Products

22 Rawindsonde Station

23 Rawinsonde Lauching

24 ACP´s MM5 MODEL DOMAIN D01 The model´s domain, 18 km grid D02 = 6 km grid D03 = 2 km grid

25 Panama Canal Digital Terrain Map (Watershed Area = 3,330 Km 2 )

26 Mean Areal Precipitation Estimate (merged) Based on the Rainfall Telemetry Network (gauged) Stations and the Weather Radar Reflectivity Signal (radar)

27 Cuantitative Hourly Precipitation Forecast (Based on the Autoridad del Canal de Panama MM5 Meteorological Model)

28 USA NWSRFS Hydrological Model Forecast

29 Evolution of ACP´s Hydrometeorological Station Network in the Last 20 years

30 NWSRFS: Gatun Lake Level Forecast

31 Decision Support System – DSS Main Screen

32 ACP´s Water Resources Section Proceses

33 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 JAN FEB MARAPRMAYJUNJULAGOSEPOCTNOVDEC Miles de Millones de Galones Potable Agua Utilizada y Escorrentía Neta Escorr. Neta Hidrog.Esclusajes Vertidos

34 Alhajuela Potable Water Treatment Plant Water Intake

35 Navegation

36 Planta Hdroeléctrica de Madden 36 MW Planta Hidroeléctrica Gatún – 24 MW Hydroelectric Generation

37 Flood Control Program

38 100 200 300 400 600 DÍA 1DÍA 2DÍA 3DÍA 4DÍA 5DÍA 6 LEYENDA APORTES CAUDALES DE SALIDA ELEVACIÓN x APORTES Y CAUDALES DE SALIDA (PCS x 10 3 ) 3 ELEVACIÓN DEL EMBALSE (Pies) 91 90 89 88 87 86 92 ELEVACIÓN PICO APORTE PICO ELEVACIÓN APORTES SALIDAS x X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xx 95 94 93 700 800 900 XXXXXXXXX 92.55 Pies 847,OOO PCS 500 SALIDA PICO 329,000 PCS Gatun Lake Probable Maximum Flood (Source: USA Army Corps of Engineers, 1979.)

39 DECISIÓN NORMAL MÁXIMO EMERGENCIA A DISCRECIÓN NORMAL MÁXIMOL A DISCRECIÓN F E C D A B ZONA COMPLEJO FUERTE SIMPLE FUERTE SISTEMA DÉBIL SISTEMA DE TORMENTA COMPLEJO FUERTE 255 250 245 240 235 8687 ZONA F ZONA E ZONA D ZONA C ZONA B ZONA A ELEVCIÓN DEL EMBALSE ALHAJUELA (PIES) ELEVACIÓN DEL EMBALSE GATÚN (PIES) 252 254 253 251 249 248 247 246 244 243 242 241 239 238 237 236 85.5 88 86.5 87.5 Decision Flood Zones for Flood Control

40 Madden Dam Spillway

41

42 December 31, 2000 spill 83,000 pcs GL

43

44 EMERGENCY PLANS DEVELOPED JOINTLY WITH THE COMUNITIES

45 Chagres River Flood Plains for Different Return Period Floods Downstream of Madden Dam

46 EMERGENCY RESPONSE MANUAL FOR SANTA ROSA AND GUAYABALITO TOWNS Autoridad del Canal de Panamá Sección de Recursos Hídricos GUAYABALITO Y SANTA ROSA PLAN DE RESPUESTA A EMERGENCIAS TOPOGRAFIA Figura N°3 Curvas de Nivel a intervalos de 1m 1016300m N 1016100 1015900 1015700 1015500 1015300 1015100 647500m E 64770 0 64790 0 64800 0 COTA 30.48m (100 PIES)

47 GUA YABALITO Y SANTA ROSA PLAN DE RESPUESTA A EMERGENCIAS CARACTERÍSTICAS DEL ÁREA (INFRAESTRUCTURA, RUTAS DE EVACUACION) Figura N°3 Autoridad del Canal de Panamá Sección de Recursos Hídricos Curvas de Nivel a intervalos de 1m RUTA DE EVACUACIÓN RUTA DE EVACUACIÓN CENTRO DE SALUD RUTA DE EVACUACIÓN ESCUELA RUTA DE EVACUACIÓN ESTADIO RUTA DE EVACUACIÓN HACIA IGLESIA CATÓLICA

48 ACP´s FLOOD CONTROL EXERCISE 2009

49 Gatun Dam Spillway 14 gate operation test, October 15, 2005

50 Climate Change and the Panama Canal

51

52

53

54 Item #6 of ACIA: Reduced sea ice is very likely to increase marine transport and access to resources Item #6 of ACIA: Reduced sea ice is very likely to increase marine transport and access to resources ACIA: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, http://amap.no/acia/

55 Significant Arctic Marine Ice Transformations for Marine Transportations Extention: ~3% reduction per decade Extention: ~3% reduction per decade Multiannual Ice/Pack Ice: ~7% reduction per decade Multiannual Ice/Pack Ice: ~7% reduction per decade Thikness: 14 to 32% reductions reported Thikness: 14 to 32% reductions reported General increase of the ice free season General increase of the ice free season Extention: ~3% reduction per decade Extention: ~3% reduction per decade Multiannual Ice/Pack Ice: ~7% reduction per decade Multiannual Ice/Pack Ice: ~7% reduction per decade Thikness: 14 to 32% reductions reported Thikness: 14 to 32% reductions reported General increase of the ice free season General increase of the ice free season

56 Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

57 Temporal Series of the Global Mean Sea Level (annomaly from the mean 1980-1999) in the Past and Future Projection IPCC, Frequently Asked Questions, http://www.ipcc.ch/. (China, EUA)http://www.ipcc.ch/

58 Gatun Locks

59 Transits vs. tonage AF1915 - AF2005 Fiscal Year Tonage CPSUAB in millons 2005 Transits

60 Economic Justification for teh Construction of a Stilling Well in a New River Level Station in the Río Indio Este, Alhajuela Watershed in 2009 Cost = $62,350.00

61 Alhajuela Watershed (470 Km 2 ) Rio Indio Este watershed is 8% of the Alhajuela watershed

62 Field Ispection of the Guarumal Station, 12 May. 2009 Since the 1940´s no river level station has been constructed with a stilling well in the Panama Canal Watershed

63 Annual gain equivalent to a 2% increase in hydroelectric generation due to better water management; $300,000.00

64 Special Case Water Resourse Management During Two Months in 2008

65 87.0 Ft 37.0 Ft 85.0 Ft

66

67 XXIV Central America Climate Forum (I FCCA-April 2008, Managua, Nicaragua)

68 ENSEMBLE STREAMFLOW PROGNOSIS

69 ESP: Ensemble Streamflow Prognosis

70

71 Elev. 2008 Promedio Elev. 1985-2007 Curva guia

72

73

74 Achieved Objetives During the First Semester of Year 2008 due to the Water Resource Management Done Savings of $4.3M for ACP (April and May 2008) in dredging expenses related to the Canal Expansion Project Savings in water due to reduction in evaporation from Gatun Lake Savings in the amount of water used in lockage operations Savings in the energy used for pumping water at the Alhajuela potable treatment Plant due to higher lake levels Increase in hydrogeneration during the May 2008 energy crisis.There should be NO hydroelectric generation in the Gatun Plant during February and March, this would compromise the Canal´s trasportation business. Savings of $4.3M for ACP (April and May 2008) in dredging expenses related to the Canal Expansion Project Savings in water due to reduction in evaporation from Gatun Lake Savings in the amount of water used in lockage operations Savings in the energy used for pumping water at the Alhajuela potable treatment Plant due to higher lake levels Increase in hydrogeneration during the May 2008 energy crisis.There should be NO hydroelectric generation in the Gatun Plant during February and March, this would compromise the Canal´s trasportation business.

75

76 Panama Canal Expansion Project

77 Dimensiones de las Esclusas y de Buques PosPanamax 294.1 m (965’) 33.5 m (110’) 32.3 m (106’) 304.8 m (1,000’) 12.8 m (42’) 366 m (1,200’) 55 m (180’) 49 m (160’) 427 m (1,400’) 18.3 m (60’) 12.4 m (39.5’) 12.4 m (39.5’) 15.2 m (50’) 15.2 m (50’) Esclusas Existentes-Buque Máximo: 4,400 TEU Esclusas Nuevas-Buque Máximo: 12,600 TEU Esclusa Nueva Esclusa Actual

78 PostPanamax Locks Esclusas del Atlántico y Pacífico (30 M m 3 Excavación seca) Esclusas del Atlántico y Pacífico (30 M m 3 Excavación seca) 1 Contrato Esclusas de Gatún Lago Gatún Océano Atlántico Nuevas Esclusas Represa de Gatún

79 Post Panamax Water Saving Basins Operation With the water saving basins the new locks will use 7% less water than the existing locks Basin 1 Basin 2 Basin 3 Existing Locks New Locks Water Usage

80 THANK YOU Welcome to Panama City