1 Part 1: Mesopotamia Part 2: Egypt Theme: Comparing civilizationsLsn 3

2 Part 1: Mesopotamia Lsn 3

3 Mesopotamia Greek for “land between the rivers” Tigris and EuphratesModern-day Iraq

4 Empires and Dominance Sumer 3200-2350 B.C. Babylonian 2350-1600 B.C.Sargon of Akkad B.C. Hittite B.C. Assyrian B.C. New Babylonian B.C.

5 Sumer Population growth was especially rapid in SumerBy 3000 B. C., the population of Sumer approached 100,000 and Sumerians were the dominant people of Mesopotamia

6 Babylonian Empire Akkadians and Babylonians of northern Mesopotamia begin to overshadow Sumerians Sargon of Akkad defeats Sumerian city-states one by one By 2000 B.C. Sargon’s empire collapses from a combination of internal rebellion and external aggression Babylonians dominate from about 2350 to 1600 B.C. Most prominent king is Hummarabi (1792 to 1750 B.C.)

7 Assyrian Empire After the fall of the Babylonian Empire, the Assyrians gradually came to power, extending their authority to Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, much of Anatolia, and most of Egypt Preserved much from Mesopotamia Extremely unpopular rule Couldn’t administer far-flung empire Collapsed in 612 B.C.

8 New Babylonian Empire (Chaldean Empire)605 to 550 B.C. Known for its wealth and excess King Nebuchadnezzar ruled from 605 to 562 B.C. Built Hanging Gardens of Babylon Captures Judah in 586, destroys the great temple in Jerusalem, and forces many Hebrews into exile in Babylon.

9 Characteristics of a CivilizationIntensive agricultural techniques Specialization of labor Cities A social hierarchy Organized religion and education Development of complex forms of economic exchange Development of new technologies Advanced development of the arts. (This can include writing.) Intensive agricultural techniques, such as the use of animal power, crop rotation, and irrigation. This enables farmers to produce a surplus of food that will not be needed for their own subsistence. A significant portion of the population that does not devote most of its time to producing food. They can go into other occupations and trade for the food they need. This is called "specialization of labor." It is possible because of the food surplus described above. The gathering of these non-food producers into permanent settlements, called cities. A social hierarchy. This can be a chiefdom, in which the chieftain of one noble family or clan rules the people; or a state society, in which the ruling class is supported by a government or bureaucracy. Political power is concentrated in the cities. The establishment of complex, formal social institutions such as organized religion and education, as opposed to the less formal traditions of other societies. Development of complex forms of economic exchange. This includes the expansion of trade and may lead to the creation of money and markets. The accumulation of more material possessions than in simpler societies. Development of new technologies by people who are not busy producing food. In many early civilizations, metallurgy was an important advancement. Advanced development of the arts by those who don't have to farm for a living. This can include writing.

10 Agriculture Sumerian sledge

11 Agriculture Tigris and Euphrates brought large volumes of water to an otherwise dry region As early as 6000 B.C., people began small scale irrigation Artificial irrigation increased food supplies which in turn supported a rapidly increasing population Fertile Crescent

12 Irrigation Tigris and Euphrates irrigation allowed Mesopotamians to grow barley, wheat, and peas Map of fields and irrigation canals near Nippur, Mesopotamia from cuneiform tablet, ca 1300 B.C.

13 Agriculture’s Impact Abundant harvests supported increased populationsSemetic people (those who spoke Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Phoenician) began to migrate to Sumer

14 Cities Ur and Babylon

15 Cities Beginning around 4000 B.C., as populations increased in southern Mesopotamia, the Sumerians built the world’s first cities

16 Cities Unlike earlier villages, these cities were centers of political and military authority, and their jurisdiction extended into the surrounding regions Economic centers where buyers and sellers congregated Cultural centers where priests maintained organized religion and scribes developed traditions of writing and formal education Mesopotamians had numerous, densely-populated city-states

17 Ur Built around 2100 B.C. Sumerian capital of MesopotamiaSometimes called the world’s first city Sumerian capital of Mesopotamia Believed to have been surrounded by a moat Home of Abraham (Genesis Chapter 11)

18 Ur Leonard Woolley: Archeologist who excavated Ur in the 1920s and 30sZiggurat at Ur

19 Babylon Made a lavish showplace by NebuchadnezzarMore than 2,100 acres 1,729 temples Massive defensive walls Hanging Gardens Fell to Cyrus the Great in 539 B.C.

20 Social Hierarchy

21 Social Hierarchy Kings and nobles originally won their positions by community election based on valor and success as warriors Soon royal status become hereditary Nobles were mostly members of the royal family Closely allied with the ruling elites were priests and priestesses, many who were younger relatives of the rulers Lived in temple communities

22 Social Hierarchy Free commoners worked mostly as peasant cultivators in the countryside on land owned by their families, although some worked in cities Dependent clients usually worked on agricultural estates owned by others Both free commoners and dependent clients paid taxes to support the ruling classes, military, and temple communities

23 Social Hierarchy Slaves came from: Patriarchal societyPrisoners of war Convicted criminals Heavily indebted individuals who sold themselves into slavery to satisfy their obligations Patriarchal society Authority over public and private affairs vested in adult men Law recognized men as heads of households and had disproportionate punishments for men and women

24 Specialization Mesopotamian potter’s wheel from Uruk EngravingSumerian earrings

25 Specialization Abundant food supplies and cities as population centers allowed some people to perform tasks not associated with agriculture People expanded into the areas of pottery, textile manufacture, woodworking, leather production, brick making, stonecutting, and masonry

26 Religion and Education

27 Religion and EducationPolytheism The ancient Mesopotamians worshipped hundreds of gods, each with his/her own name and sphere of activity. Every city had its own patron god or goddess, and there were also deities connected with various professions such as scribes and builders. Individual people also had their own personal god who protected them and interceded for them with the great deities.   Enki, god of water

28 Religion and EducationKings often portrayed as offspring of gods or gods themselves Priests intervened with the gods to ensure good fortune for their communities In exchange, priests and priestesses lived in temple communities and received offerings of food, drink, and clothing from the city inhabitants Temples also generated income and work Epic of Gilgamesh teaches there is no afterlife Death is dark, dank, and inert

29 Ziggurats Ziggurats were huge stepped structures with a temple on topBuilt in honor of the city’s god (other gods might have smaller temples) Intended to reach nearer to the heavens Tower of Babel

30 Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi (King of Babylonian Empire from 1792 to 1750 B.C.) maintains control of empire by a code of law Claims the gods had chosen him “to promote the welfare of the people,… to cause justice to prevail in the land, to destroy the wicked and evil, [so] that the strong might not oppress the weak, to rise like the sun over the people, and to light up the land.”

31 Code of Hammurabi High standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators Death penalty for murder, theft, fraud, false accusations, sheltering of runaway slaves, failure to obey royal orders, adultery, and incest Civil laws regulating prices, wages, commercial dealings, marital relationships, and the conditions of slavery

32 Code of Hammurabi Relied on lex talionis– the law of retaliationOffenders suffered punishments resembling their violations If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out. [ An eye for an eye ] (196) If he break another man's bone, his bone shall be broken. (197) If a man knock out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out. [ A tooth for a tooth ] (200)

33 Economic Exchange

34 Economic Exchange Trade occurred by ship and donkey caravanSumerians traded woolen textiles, leather goods, sesame oil, and jewelry with India for copper, ivory, pearls, and semi-precious stones Babylonians imported silver from Anatolia, cedar wood from Lebanon, copper from Arabia, gold from Egypt, tin from Persia, lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, and semiprecious stones from India Barter was the main form of commerce until silver became popular around 1750 B.C. Cylinder seals were used to record a contract, record, or official receipt. By affixing a seal to a tablet, the user validated its contents.

35 New Technologies

36 Metallurgy Metallurgy ranks among the most important aspects of technology and specialization Metallurgy evolved from copper to bronze and by 1000 B.C., Mesopotamians were working with iron as well Important implications for agriculture and weaponry

37 The Wheel First use of wheels probably occurred about 3500 B.C.Sumerians were building wheeled carts by 3000 B.C. The wheel increased the mobility of society and allowed heavy loads to be moved over great distances Chariot model, discovered in the Royal tomb of Ur in Sumer around 6000 BC

38 Development of the Wheel

39 Art and Writing Dragon of Marduk Gudea of Lagash Winged Guardian

40 Art and Writing Cuneiform Epic of GilgameschHanging Gardens of Babylon

41 Cuneiform Latin for “wedge-shaped”Beginning around 2900 B. C., Sumerians developed a flexible writing system that combined pictographs and other symbols Scribes used a reed stylus to impress symbols on wet clay leaving lines and wedge-shaped marks Babylonians, Assyrians, and others later adapted the Sumerians’ script to their own languages and cuneiform writing continued for three thousand years

42 Cuneiform Examples

43 Epic of Gilgamesh Classic example of Mesopotamian literatureBegan in the Sumerian city-states, but the entire epic represents the work of compilers during the days of the Babylonian empire Originally written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script Recounts experiences of Gilgamesh and Enkidu Gilgamesh was the legendary king of Uruk, ca B.C., and Enkidu is a wild-man, raised by animals that becomes the friend of Gilgamesh after they fight.

44 Epic of Gilgamesh Principle vehicle for Mesopotamian reflection on moral issues Friendship Relations between humans and the gods The meaning of life and death

45 Excerpt from the Epic of GilgameshWhen their heart led the great gods to produce the flood. There were Anu, their father, Valiant Enlil, their counselor, Ninurta, their herald, Ennuge, their irrigator. Ninigiku-Ea was also present with them; Their words he repeats to the reed-hut: “Reed-hut, reed-hut! Wall! Wall! Reed-hut, hearken! Wall, reflect! Man of Shuruppak, son of Ubar-Tutu, Tear down (this) house, build a ship! Give up possessions, seek thou life. Despise property and keep the soul alive. Aboard the ship take thou the seed of all living things. The ship that thou shalt build, Her dimensions shall be to measure. Equal shall be her width and her length. Like the Apsu thou shalt ceil her.”

46 Hanging Gardens of BabylonOne of the “Seven Wonders of the World” Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 B.C. on top of stone arches 23 meters above ground and watered from the Euphrates by a complicated mechanical system. Series of terraces filled with plants.

47 Part 2: Egypt Lsn 3

48 Upper and Lower Egypt Ancient Egypt was divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Egypt. Lower (northern) Egypt consisted of the Nile River's delta made by the river as it empties into the Mediterranean. Upper (southern) Egypt was the long, narrow strip of ancient Egypt located south of the Delta.

49 Nubia Land to the south of Egypt between the Nile’s first and sixth cataracts Cataracts are steep descents of the water of a river, usually making navigation difficult or impossible Lacked Egypt’s broad floodplain and therefore was less able to agriculturally support a large population

50 Characteristics of a CivilizationIntensive agricultural techniques Specialization of labor Cities A social hierarchy Organized religion and education Development of complex forms of economic exchange Development of new technologies Advanced development of the arts. (This can include writing.) Intensive agricultural techniques, such as the use of animal power, crop rotation, and irrigation. This enables farmers to produce a surplus of food that will not be needed for their own subsistence. A significant portion of the population that does not devote most of its time to producing food. They can go into other occupations and trade for the food they need. This is called "specialization of labor." It is possible because of the food surplus described above. The gathering of these non-food producers into permanent settlements, called cities. A social hierarchy. This can be a chiefdom, in which the chieftain of one noble family or clan rules the people; or a state society, in which the ruling class is supported by a government or bureaucracy. Political power is concentrated in the cities. The establishment of complex, formal social institutions such as organized religion and education, as opposed to the less formal traditions of other societies. Development of complex forms of economic exchange. This includes the expansion of trade and may lead to the creation of money and markets. The accumulation of more material possessions than in simpler societies. Development of new technologies by people who are not busy producing food. In many early civilizations, metallurgy was an important advancement. Advanced development of the arts by those who don't have to farm for a living. This can include writing.

51 The Nile River Basin: A Ribbon of GreenAgriculture The Nile River Basin: A Ribbon of Green

52 Agriculture Herodotus called Egypt the “Gift of the Nile”Egyptians took advantage of the Nile’s annual floods to become an especially productive agricultural region After the floods receded in late summer, cultivators could go into the floodplains in late summer and sow their seeds without extensive preparation of the soil

53 Agriculture Expanded agriculture led to expanded populations and demand for increased production Cultivators moved beyond the Nile’s immediate floodplains building dikes to protect their fields from floods and catchment basins to store water for irrigation

54 Shaduf To lift water from the canal Egyptians used a shaduf, a large pole balanced on a crossbeam with a rope and bucket on one end and a heavy counter weight at the other. When the rope was pulled, the bucket would be lowered into the canal. The counterweight would raise the bucket. The farmer would then carry the bucket to the field and water it.

55 Specialization Brewing and Breadmaking Ploughing and Sowing SailingHarvesting Papyrus and Herding

56 Egyptian pottery makersSpecialization Nile societies were much slower than their Mesopotamian counterparts to adopt metal tools and weapons Did develop pottery, textile manufacture, woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, and masonry occupations Egyptian pottery makers

57 Specialization Building a pyramid would require Laborers ArchitectsEngineers Craftsmen Artists

58 Cities

59 Cities Relatively few cities and high administrative centralizationMemphis Founded by Menes around 3100 BC as capital of a united Upper and Lower Egypt Located at the head of the Nile River Delta Thebes Administrative center of Upper Egypt Seat of worship for Amon

60 Religion and Education

61 Religion and EducationTwo main gods were Amon (Thebian deity associated with the sun, creation, fertility, and reproductive forces) and Re (the sun god worshipped at Heliopolis) Eventually the two were combined in the cult of Amon-Re

62 Brief Period of MonotheismFor a brief period Akhentan challenged the Amon-Re cult by proclaiming Aten as the one and only true god Once Akhenaten died, traditional priests restored the Amon-Re cult The sun disc Aten shining on the names of the royal family

63 Mummification In order to prepare a person for the long and hazardous journey before they could enjoy the pleasures of the afterlife, the body of a dead person was preserved by a process called mummification.

64 The Judgment The Egyptians viewed the heart as the seat of intellect and emotion. Before entering the pleasures of eternity, the dead person had to pass a test in which Anubis, the god of the dead, weighed the person's heart against Ma'at, the goddess of justice and truth, who was represented by a feather.

65 The Judgment If the deceased’s good deeds outweighed the bad, the his heart will be as light as the feather (heavy hearts bore the burden of guilt and evil), and Osiris would welcome the newcomer to the next world. If the deceased fell short in his judgment, his body would be eaten by a monster that was part crocodile, part lion, and part hippopotamus.

66 Osiris Patron of the underworld, the dead, and past pharaohsCult of Osiris demanded observance of high moral standards As lord of the underworld, Osiris had the power to determine who deserved the blessing of immortality and who did not

67 Social Hierarchy

68 Social Hierarchy Pharaoh Egyptian kings of a centralized stateClaimed to be gods living on earth in human form Bureaucrats Because the pharaoh was an absolute ruler there was little room for a noble class as in Mesopotamia Instead professional military forces and an elaborate bureaucracy of administrators and tax collectors served the central government Patriarchial Vested authority over public and private affairs in men However, more opportunities for women than in Mesopotamia as evidenced by Queen Hatshepsut reigning as pharaoh Peasants and slaves Supplied the hard labor that made complex agricultural society possible Among the slaves were the Hebrews

69 Tutankhamun (King Tut)Pharaohs Tutankhamun (King Tut) 1334 and 1325 BC Ramesses II BC

70 Bureaucrats Below the pharaoh, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was the vizier, the executive head of the bureaucracy The vizier was a prince or a person of exceptional ability. His title is translated as "superintendent of all works of the king". As the supreme judge of the state, the vizier ruled on all petitions and grievances brought to the court. All royal commands passed through his hands before being transmitted to the scribes in his office. The scribes in turn dispatched orders to the heads of distant towns and villages, and dictated the rules and regulations related to the collection of taxes. The king was surrounded by the court, friends and favored people who attained higher administrative positions. The tendency was to fill these positions on the basis of heredity. One of the most ardent wishes of these administrators was to climb the bureaucratic ladder through promotions and to hand their offices to their children

71 Economic Exchange In this scene from the grave of Ipui at Thebes, sailors are seen leaving the boat carrying sacks containing grain. A woman is selling bread and possibly beer (top left), beside her a sailor is exchanging grain for fish. On the right a buyer checks out a cake or a loaf of bread while beside him another is acquiring some vegetables.

72 Economic Exchange The Nile provided excellent transportation which facilitated trade. Nile flows north so boats could ride the currents from Upper to Lower Egypt. Prevailing winds blow almost year-round from the north so by using sails, boats could then make their way back upriver.

73 Economic Exchange Egypt needed to trade because, beside the Nile, it had few natural resources For example, Egypt has very few trees so all its wood came from abroad, especially cedar from Lebanon Much trade between Egypt and Nubia Importance of trade is reflected in the names of southern Egyptian cities Aswan comes from the ancient Egyptian word swene which means “trade” Elephantine owed its name to the elephant ivory trade

74 Ramps and stone-cutting required to build pyramidsNew Technologies Ramps and stone-cutting required to build pyramids

75 New Technologies Papyrus ShipbuildingThe raw material came from the plant Cyperus papyrus which grew along the banks of the Nile Used not only in the production of paper but also used in the manufacture of boats, rope and baskets Shipbuilding Wooden boats Multiple-oars Sails Rope trusses to strengthen hulls

76 Art and Writing

77 The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. Art and Writing Pyramids Symbols of the pharaoh’s authority and divine stature; royal tombs Pyramid at Khufu involved the precise cutting and fitting of 2,300,000 limestone blocks with an average weight of 2.5 tons Estimated construction of the pyramid at Khufu required 84,000 laborers working 80 days per year for 20 years The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza. 

78 Art and Writing HieroglyphsPictures that were used to write the ancient Egyptian language Originally used to keep records of the king's possessions. Scribes could easily make these records by drawing a picture of a cow or a boat followed by a number. As the language became more complex, more pictures were needed. Eventually the language consisted of more then 750 individual signs.

79 Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Egypt Agriculture+“Land between the rivers” (Tigris and Euphrates forms Fertile Crescent +Artificial irrigation +”Gift of the Nile” Specialization +Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather, brick making, stonecutting, masonry +Pottery, textiles, woodworking, leather production, stonecutting, masonry Cities -Numerous, densely populated city-states (Ur and Babylon) -Fewer cities with high centralization (Memphis and Thebes) Social Hierarchy -Noble class -Patriarchal +Slaves -Absolute authority of the pharaoh made a noble class unnecessary (had bureaucrats instead) -Patriarchal, but the presence of Queen Hatsheput may indicate greater opportunities for women

80 Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Egypt Religion and Education-Polytheism -No afterlife -Polytheism, but brief period of monotheism under Akhentan -Afterlife and judgment (mummification) New Technologies -Superior in metallurgy -Papyrus, shipbuilding, pyramids Economic exchange -Trade by land and water -Trade principally by water along the Nile -Trade more important because Egypt lacked natural resources beside the Nile Art and Writing -Cuneiform -Hieroglyphs (more pictorial than cuneiform)

81 Next Lesson Ancient (Shang and Zhou) and Resurgent (Tang and Song) China