1 PRESENTACIÓN ORAL Prof. Juan F. Martínez
2 Tipos de Presentación OralReuniones científicas Conferencias Reuniones de extensión o productores (industria)
3 Presentación Oral Vs. Presentación EscritaLa atención de la audiencia. Inhabilidad de la audiencia para llevar el ritmo.
4 Conocer la Audiencia Permite preparar una mejor presentaciónSimplifica el tiempo de preparación y practica Reduce la ansiedad Fluye mejor la presentación
5 Preguntas para Conocer La Audiencia¿Por qué le estoy hablando a esta audiencia? ¿Por qué ellos me están escuchando? ¿Qué comportamiento o actitudes se esperan de ellos? ¿Qué relación tengo con la audiencia?
6 Preguntas para Conocer la Audiencia (Cont.)¿Qué relación tienen entre ellos? ¿Cuánto ellos saben del tema? ¿Qué ellos quieren saber? ¿Cómo ellos usaran esta información? ¿Qué ellos estarán haciendo antes y después de la presentación?
7 Prepósito u Objetivos de la PresentaciónPersuadir Inducir, mover, obligar a alguien con razones a creer o hacer algo Informar Enterar, dar noticia de algo Motivar Disponer del ánimo de alguien para que proceda de un determinado modo Inspirar Infundir o hacer nacer en el ánimo o la mente afectos, ideas, designios, etc.
8 Técnicas de Persuasión“Ethos” – Manera Distintiva Se basa en la reputación del autor Uso de: lenguaje apropiado a la audiencia y al tema sinceridad gramática correcta vocabulario apropiado Demuestra la confiabilidad y competencia del autor Ethos: Ethos is related to the English word ethics and refers to the trustworthiness of the speaker/writer. Ethos is an effective persuasive strategy because when we believe that the speaker does not intend to do us harm, we are more willing to listen to what s/he has to say. For example, when a trusted doctor gives you advice, you may not understand all of the medical reasoning behind the advice, but you nonetheless follow the directions because you believe that the doctor knows what s/he is talking about. Likewise, when a judge comments on legal precedent audiences tend to listen because it is the job of a judge to know the nature of past legal cases.
9 Ethos - Example My Dear Fellow Clergymen:While confined here in Birmingham city jail, I came across your recent statement calling my present activities "unwise and untimely."...Since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable in terms. I think I should indicate why I am here in Birmingham, since you have been influenced by the view which argues against "outsiders coming in."...I, along with several members of my staff, am here because I was invited here. I am here because I have organizational ties here. But more basically, I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. Just as the prophets of the eighth century B.C. left their villages and carried their "thus said the Lord" far beyond the boundaries of their home towns, and just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town. Like Paul, I must constantly respond to the Macedonian call for aid. Martin Luther King, Jr. "Letter from Birmingham Jail"
10 Técnicas de Persuasión“Pathos” – Emociones Uso de: lenguaje vivido y concreto lenguaje cargado emocionalmente ejemplos emocionales lenguaje figurativo narrativas de eventos emocionales Produce respuestas emocionales Pathos: Pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy and empathy. Whenever you accept an claim based on how it makes you feel without fully analyzing the rationale behind the claim, you are acting on pathos. They may be any emotions: love, fear, patriotism, guilt, hate or joy. A majority of arguments in the popular press are heavily dependent on pathetic appeals. The more people react without full consideration for the WHY, the more effective an argument can be. Although the pathetic appeal can be manipulative, it is the cornerstone of moving people to action. Many arguments are able to persuade people logically, but the apathetic audience may not follow through on the call to action. Appeals to pathos touch a nerve and compel people to not only listen, but to also take the next step and act in the world.
11 Pathos - Example For me, commentary on war zones at home and abroad begins and ends with personal reflections. A few years ago, while watching the news in Chicago, a local news story made a personal connection with me. The report concerned a teenager who had been shot because he had angered a group of his male peers. This act of violence caused me to recapture a memory from my own adolescence because of an instructive parallel in my own life with this boy who had been shot. When I was a teenager some thirty-five years ago in the New York metropolitan area, I wrote a regular column for my high school newspaper. One week, I wrote a column in which I made fun of the fraternities in my high school. As a result, I elicited the anger of some of the most aggressive teenagers in my high school. A couple of nights later, a car pulled up in front of my house, and the angry teenagers in the car dumped garbage on the lawn of my house as an act of revenge and intimidation. James Garbarino "Children in a Violent World: A Metaphysical Perspective"
12 Técnicas de Persuasión“Logos” – Se basa en la lógica o la razón Uso de: lenguaje abstracto y teórico analogías históricas o lógicas definiciones hechos y estadísticas citas de autoridades o expertos opiniones informadas Produce respuestas racionales y cognoscitivas Logos: The Greek word logos is the basis for the English word logic. Logos is a broader idea than formal logic--the highly sybolic and mathematical logic that you might study in a philosophy course. Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect, the general meaning of "logical argument." Everyday arguments rely heavily on ethos and pathos, but academic arguments rely more on logos. Yes, these arguments will call upon the writers' credibility and try to touch the audience's emotions, but there will more often than not be logical chains of reasoning supporting all claims.
13 Logos - Example Let us begin with a simple proposition: What democracy requires is public debate, not information. Of course it needs information too, but the kind of information it needs can be generated only by vigorous popular debate. We do not know what we need to know until we ask the right questions, and we can identify the right questions only by subjecting our ideas about the world to the test of public controversy. Information, usually seen as the precondition of debate, is better understood as its by product. When we get into arguments that focus and fully engage our attention, we become avid seekers of relevant information. Otherwise, we take in information passively--if we take it in at all. Christopher Lasch, "The Lost Art of Political Argument"
14 More Examples
15 Técnicas de Informar Narrando Describiendo Exposición ArgumentandoLos eventos son presentados en orden y de forma cronológica Describiendo Representación verbal, generalmente de sus características Exposición Clarificar o explicar algún asunto Argumentando Tratar de convencer al lector de una proposición
16 Guía para Presentaciones Informativas o de PersuasiónSea claro, este atento a que usted quiere que la audiencia sepa, exprese su mensaje claramente. Sea conciso, use los ejemplos necesarios para establecer el punto. Sea consistente en el lenguaje y el vocabulario.
17 Organización de la PresentaciónOrganización Inductiva Organización Deductiva Transición Numérica
18 Bosquejo en Cuatro (4) PasosComunique a la audiencia de que usted va hablar. Dígale que deben escuchar. Comunique su mensaje o información. Dígale lo que usted le dijo anteriormente.
19 Ayudas Visuales Diapositivas Transparencias CartelesPresentación electrónica
20 Tipos de Gráficos Bosquejo Diagramas 2D ó 3D Planos SimulacionesRepresentaciones ortográficas Simulaciones Realidad virtual
21 Técnicas en el Uso de Ayudas VisualesSincronización Introducción Enfoque Hable y Ejecute
22 Que Hacer para Tener Éxito en una PresentaciónConocer la audiencia y capturar la atención de la misma. Establecer los objetivos y/o propósitos de la presentación. Concentrarse en conceptos y en los resultados; se minimizan los detalles. Discutir el propósito de cada segmento y los hallazgos y conclusiones de ese segmento y su conexión con el tema principal.
23 Que Hacer para Tener Éxito en una Presentación (Cont.)Enfatizar las ideas importantes Asegurarse que la audiencia entiende su punto de vista. Las ayudas visuales deben ser lo menos complicadas posible. Se debe estar familiarizado con el tema Anticipar las posibles preguntas que tenga la audiencia. NADIE LO SABE TODO.