1 Products and ResourcesDoctrinal Foundations of OPFOR Tactics This is an introductory orientation on ACE-TI resources Processes and Products… and access to the “who” is at ACE-TI for― Subject Matter Expertise. ..And if we cannot answer your issue, we will assist you in finding someone who can. Our mission is to support YOU.

2 Terminal Learning ObjectiveAction: Become familiar with TRADOC G2’s ACE TI products and services which support training, professional education, leader development, and functional intelligence analysis. Condition: Provide a classroom environment to support training, professional education, and leader development with in-class discussion and Army Training Network (ATN) and/or All Partners Access Network (APAN) website access. Standard: Understand ACE Threats-Integration products and services.

3 How Do These Products Enhance Training?Describe the Operational Environment Develop a realistic and challenging Hybrid Threat force package to meet your commander’s training objectives Provide approved, doctrinal OPFOR doctrine and tactics Develop your understanding of how the Hybrid Threat integrates with the DATE actors and environment

4 High-Level Threat DevelopmentCommander selects training tasks OPFOR counter-task selection Environment Threat actors Order of battle Task organization Adjustment based on Cdr’s guidance Develop tactics for selected counter-tasks

5 Reality Drives TrainingIntelligence Reporting Russia North Korea Iran Yemen China Nigeria Afghanistan-Pakistan Real world examples Analysis Modeling Best Practices Common Training Environment Task Tailoring Execution (CTC/HST/etc) Live/Virtual/Constructive Process by which ACE Threats Integrations monitors and reflects the reality of the current and near-term strategic environment Scan intel (both classified and unclassified) for new TTP or actor or condition Double check that such a capability is reflected in the OPFOR Series Double check such capabilities are in DATE…if not, add them. Execute training event with DATE and the TC Exercise Design Guide (another ACE-Treats product) To date, all the additions to DATE have been primarily been of the “richer in detail” nature vs. a new capability.

6 Army Training Network (ATN)https://atn.army.mil/ 1 Click to get to ATN (https://atn.army.mil/) and here we are—Army Training Network. ATN is the preferred site for your easy navigation to TRADOC G2 products. Two clicks and you are at TRADOC G2 ACE Threats Integration products! On ATN front-page, find the tab “DA Training Environment” click “TRADOC G2 ACE Threat Integration - OPFOR & Hybrid Threat Doctrine“ = You’re there! At the end of today’s lessons, you’ll experience ATN navigation to find answers to several questions. The questions will cause you to find the correct ACE Threats Integration document and provide a correct answer to a question. You will be using the ATN website and ACE Threats Integration products throughout your Threat Tactics Course experience. How YOU apply yourself this week in Threat Tactics Course will be the determining factor in what you learned TRADOC G2 ACE Threat Integration… *Not accessible for non-US Army

7 All Partners Access Network (APAN)https://wss.apan.org/s/TRADOCTraining/default.aspx We’ll use this for the class.* TTC Student Work Area Accessible all services, partners *You should already have an APAN account

8 Analytical Foundation of Threat DoctrineThreat doctrine is composite in nature and primarily based upon the following countries: China France Germany Great Britain Russia North Korea Its analysis directly contributes to the OE Estimate and other ACE-TI products

9 OE Estimate to 2028 The foundation to build, train, and educate the US Army. Describes key conditions across strategic environment. Addresses adversarial strategies based on these CONDITIONS. Explores military implications of conditions and potential adversarial strategies. This is the FOUNDATION The operational environments (OEs) we will encounter in the future will not be like the OEs of Iraq and Afghanistan. Although there may be similarities, each conflict is inherently unique in situations, circumstances, and events that are spawned from the collision of differing interests and desires. Extract-TRADOC Commanding General’s Foreword

10 Threat Action Reports Short, focused reports driven by analysis and customer request Products depict a “threat” action with tactical diagrams. To inform Army readiness― To provide information on the individual and organizational participants in real-world threat incidents. Distills key concepts and capabilities from incidents

11 Threat Tactics Reports (TTR)TTRs focus on tactics of potential adversaries (regular and irregular threat actors). TTRs include an actor’s doctrine, force structure, weapons and equipment, and warfighting functions. tactical diagrams. To inform Army readiness― TTRs explain to the Army training community how an actor fights. Discussion include the actor’s tactics and techniques, and recent examples of tactical actions broken into tactical diagrams. Focus on threat actors & tactics

12 Red Diamond Monthly articles feature threat actions, actors, and OE conditions. Moves lessons from real events to training community faster! Articles for the Red Diamond are accepted from analysts within the TRADOC G2 and from YOU! Observations of current and emerging real world threat techniques Training insights A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE. Monthly insights

13 Training Circulars This training circular (TC) series describes the OPFOR that reflects the characteristics of military and paramilitary forces that may be present across various OEs. Applications include— Collective training, combat training centers (CTC) Home station training (HST) Training simulations (LVCG) to operational missions Professional education Self-development and leader development throughout Army. The Army and TRADOC G2 is transitioning the FM series to the TC series. These publications, in transition, describe the OPFOR and reflect the composite characteristics of military-paramilitary forces that are or may be present across various OEs. [Rhetorical questions] What is your application? How will you use…? Applications include— collective training, combat training centers (CTCs) home station training (HST) training simulations (LVCG) to operational missions professional education―Military and DAC…JIIM leader development and self-development and throughout the Army. [Rhetorical question] How do you “fit” in this interconnected learning environment? How do you tailor OPFOR to satisfy your training requirement?

14 Decisive Action Training Environment (DATE)A composite model of the real-world environment Real conditions, fictitious region & countries Environment to portray full range of potential threat capabilities A complex OE with Hybrid Strategies that can be employed to challenge any unit’s training objective Scalable – scale to level of complexity based on training objectives Scenarios are derived from DATE – it is NOT a scenario

15 DATE – Reality Based OEsOrganizations with ties to criminal and transnational drug actors Destabilizing influence on DATE OEs Potential for sophisticated INFOWAR Potential for acquisition of niche technologies Non-State actors Hizballah, al Shabaab, Boko Haram, Al-Qaeda, and ISIL Large conventional force Strong INFOWAR Nuclear weapons Niche technologies Authoritarian or Theocracy Modern infrastructure Ariana and Donovia Iran, Russia, Syria, China, and North Korea Dictatorship Insurgents Small Army, Navy, and Air Force Monitored information environment Poor infrastructure Atropia Tactical problems and OE conditions drawn from of Azerbaijan and Libya Azerbaijan and Libya Democracy or Emerging democracy Small, but growing military Seeks NATO and EU membership Open information environment Average infrastructure Gorgas Georgia, Poland While DATE presents fictional OEs --- all the OEs, actors, conditions, organizations, and capabilities reflect the real-world One can find the capabilities/organization of a range of actors to include: Boko Haram ISIL North Korea Russia Transnational criminal groups DATE is also a dynamic document in that our analyst are constantly scanning the strategic environment for emerging/unique threats or conditions not found in DATE. Updated versions will be published as the emerging conditions require. Weak or failing state Insurgents Small Army, Navy, and Air Force Controlled information environment – limited INFOWAR capability Poor infrastructure Limaria Afghanistan, Somalia, Mali, and Yemen

16 Complex and diverse OEs across a common environmentWhat’s in the DATE? Section 1: Strategic Setting Overview of Region OE Variable Comparison Chart Discussion of possible flashpoints across the region Section 2: Variables of the five OEs and Orders of Battle Five OEAs PMESII-PT variables operationalized to Ariana, Atropia, Donovia, Gorgas, and Limaria Five OEs with wide range of characteristics and conditions to prepare units for a decisive action operation OB for all five OEs Section 3: Events Possible threat actor events linked to decisive action METL Section 4: Appendices Organizational Equipment Tables Task-Organizing for Combat Complex and diverse OEs across a common environment

17 Reality Based Conditions in DATEConflict between Atropians and Limarians could lead to genocide Oil infrastructure allows possibility of spills, both onshore and offshore All OEs – little personal space and multiple communicable diseases Donovia – drought Ariana and Limaria– must import food Multiple OEs – flooding Donovia – nuclear power Multiple OEs – landslides, mudslides; mountains allows for avalanches All OEs – earthquakes All OEs – temperature extremes Gorgas – extensive forests Multiple OEs – IDPs/Refugees 1995 Srebrenica Genocide 2006 Lebanese Oil Spill 2003 Chinese SARS Outbreak 2011 Somali Drought/Famine 2011 Japanese Tsunami/Nuclear Leak 2010 Salang Pass Avalanche (Afghanistan) 1985 Mexico City Earthquake 2003 European Heat Wave 2009 Black Saturday Bushfires (Australia) Syria – Refugees/IDPs Visual representation of real-world conditions linked to DATE actors Left is real actor/groups and right is DATE actors will similar capabilities, goals, and organizations….

19 Adapting CTC Force StructuresNGIC: Russian Motorized Rifle Brigade Draft Revised OPFOR BTG 2017 Similar to latest information Upgraded to provide more “punch”

20 Sample Organization Development Based on Real-World GroupsModeling capabilities of threat actor (in this case, ISIL) Selecting appropriate cell capabilities from TC Resulting organization has elements of both a “Higher Insurgent Organization” and a “Local Insurgent Organization.” Provides observeables for actioning and structure for analysis

21 Good step-by-step methodology.Exercise Design TC 7-101 Outlines a methodology for designing and executing Army training exercises. Describes planning procedures and methodologies, responsibilities, and analysis for leaders who plan and control Army exercises as culminating collective training events that critically assess unit-training readiness. A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE. Good step-by-step methodology.

22 Exercise Design TC 7-101 ExamplesAnnex B (Task Descriptions) Variable Breakouts A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE. List of OPFOR Tactical Tasks OE Variables

23 Opposing Force Tactics TC 7-100.2Describes an OPFOR tactical doctrine that is a composite of the characteristics of regular and irregular forces that may be present in actual OEs. Accepts the nature of complex operational environments and dynamic change in capabilities and limitations. A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE. Description of OPFOR organizations & tactics …defines an opposing force as “a plausible, flexible military and/or paramilitary force representing a composite of varying capabilities of actual worldwide forces, used in lieu of a specific threat force for training and developing U.S. forces.” AR 350-2

24 Opposing Force Tactics TC 7-100.2Operational Framework Command and Control Offense Defense INFOWAR Reconnaissance Fires Aviation Air Defense Engineer CBRN Logistics Special Purpose Forces Snipers Keep this handy!

25 Irregular OPFOR TC Describes characteristics of irregular forces that may be present in actual OEs. Accepts the nature of military missions in joint, combined, interagency environments… as dynamic events among relevant populations and forces in complex operations. culture, ideology, politics, historical context irregular warfare—state and non-state actors A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE. Insurgents Guerrillas Criminals Noncombatants

26 Threat Force Structure TC 7-100.4Baseline organization and variants as a composite of characteristics of adversaries or enemies present in the operational environment and DATE. …a living (electronic) document to ensure its continued relevance to emerging capabilities. Can select and download just those elements needed to build the appropriate OPFOR for a particular exercise. A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE. Starting point for details of OB

27 Worldwide Equipment Guide (WEG)OPFOR equipment data for training (Not comprehensive) Vol 1: Ground Systems Vol 2: Airspace and Air Defense Systems Vol 3: Naval and Littoral Systems System Performance Variants Ammunition Armament Protection Fire Control A RAFTE― Is a supplement to the DATE. This supports regionally aligned forces with a mission focus. Identifies conditions of a selected operational environment (OE) that are unique from what is in the DATE. Enables training based on current conditions specific to an OE. Describes how to achieve those OE-specific conditions by modifying existing DATE conditions. RAFTE-Africa is first TRISA published RAFTE: Section 1 identifies conditions that exist unique to an African OE. Section 2 names conditions present in DATE that would not be encountered in African OE.

28 Products and Resources Practical Exercise

29 ACE-TI Product Use ExampleWhat is the UAV capability of a Tank BDE (of a Tank Division)? You know… ranges and stuff. Go to ATN, then ACE-TI products Open the Threat Force Structure for unit Find the Equipment List for the unit Find the UAV systems Look in the WEG to find details 1 The TRISA Red Diamond is a monthly newsletter— that publicizes OPFOR doctrine for training readiness Threats used in Army capabilities development, and topics of interest on OEs throughout the world. Articles for the RD are accepted from analysts within the TRADOC G2 and from YOU! All articles must follow the RD SOP and be approved by the ACE-TI directors. Examples of who and where we support include: COCOMs and the US Homeland OPFOR Doctrine and Training -- Soldier-Leader Development Home Station Training Collective Events Education: IMT BOLC CCC CGSC and Specialized Courses LVCG= Training: Live-Virtual-Constructive-Gaming 2 5 3 4

30 ACE-TI Product Use DrillTell me about the artillery in the Atropian 346th Mech Brigade 346 MECH BDE (Atropia) DATE: As a Separate Mechanized Brigade, 346th has a composite artillery BN. (DATE 2.2, pg 2B-9-3) Threat Force Structure: (05A-comp-arty-bn-sep-equip) 3x SPARTY BTRYs (18x 152-mm SP Howitzer, 2S19) 1x MRL BTRY (6x 122-mm MRL, 9A51/PRIMA) WEG: 152-mm SP Howitzer, 2S19 (tracked) has a max range of 24.7km to 29km. (vol1, pg 443 ) 122-mm MRL, 9A51/PRIMA (wheeled) has a max range of 20.5km. (vol1, pg 456 ) The TRISA Red Diamond is a monthly newsletter— that publicizes OPFOR doctrine for training readiness Threats used in Army capabilities development, and topics of interest on OEs throughout the world. Articles for the RD are accepted from analysts within the TRADOC G2 and from YOU! All articles must follow the RD SOP and be approved by the ACE-TI directors. Examples of who and where we support include: COCOMs and the US Homeland OPFOR Doctrine and Training -- Soldier-Leader Development Home Station Training Collective Events Education: IMT BOLC CCC CGSC and Specialized Courses LVCG= Training: Live-Virtual-Constructive-Gaming

31 ACE-TI Product Use DrillTell me about the fighting vehicles of the Arianan 131st Mech Brigade The TRISA Red Diamond is a monthly newsletter— that publicizes OPFOR doctrine for training readiness Threats used in Army capabilities development, and topics of interest on OEs throughout the world. Articles for the RD are accepted from analysts within the TRADOC G2 and from YOU! All articles must follow the RD SOP and be approved by the ACE-TI directors. Examples of who and where we support include: COCOMs and the US Homeland OPFOR Doctrine and Training -- Soldier-Leader Development Home Station Training Collective Events Education: IMT BOLC CCC CGSC and Specialized Courses LVCG= Training: Live-Virtual-Constructive-Gaming 131 MECH BDE (Ariana) DATE: As a Divisional Mechanized Battalion, the 131st is APC-based. (DATE 2.2, pg 2A-9-6) Threat Force Structure: (01A-Mech-Inf-Bde-APC) 3x Mech Bns (132x BTR-80A ) WEG: (vol1, pg 211 ) BTR-80A: Wheeled APC, cruising range 800km 30-mm Main Gun (2A72), max range 2500m Penetrates

32 ACE-TI Product Use DrillWhat kind of attack lets me find and either fix or destroy an enemy? TACTICAL TASK 4.0 RECONNAISSANCE ATTACK A reconnaissance attack is a tactical offensive action that locates moving, dispersed, or concealed enemy elements and either fixes or destroys them. It may also be used to gain information. The reconnaissance attack may involve multiple security and assault elements. The subtasks for a reconnaissance attack are— 4.1 Find Employ reconnaissance element(s) to locate target systems or units. 4.2 Isolate Maneuver and deploy security element(s) to ensure additional enemy forces do not join the battle unexpectedly. (Security elements may become fixing elements.) Continue to provide early warning. Prevent enemy maneuver. Prevent the enemy from gaining further information. 4.3 Fix Prevent the enemy from moving any part of his force from a specific location for a specific period of time. The security element(s) making contact fix the enemy. (Security elements become fixing elements.) Security element(s) continue to provide early warning of approaching enemy forces and prevent them from gaining further information on the rest of the OPFOR force. 4.4 Destroy Render the enemy combat ineffective and/or damage selected element(s) of his combat system to the point of uselessness. TC ¶3-193 or TC 7-101, appendix B The TRISA Red Diamond is a monthly newsletter— that publicizes OPFOR doctrine for training readiness Threats used in Army capabilities development, and topics of interest on OEs throughout the world. Articles for the RD are accepted from analysts within the TRADOC G2 and from YOU! All articles must follow the RD SOP and be approved by the ACE-TI directors. Examples of who and where we support include: COCOMs and the US Homeland OPFOR Doctrine and Training -- Soldier-Leader Development Home Station Training Collective Events Education: IMT BOLC CCC CGSC and Specialized Courses LVCG= Training: Live-Virtual-Constructive-Gaming Not to be confused with… Movement to Contact Movement to contact is an offensive task designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain contact . The goal is to make initial contact with a small element while retaining enough combat power to develop the situation and mitigate the associated risk. It may also include preliminary diversionary actions and preparation fires. The extent and nature of the movement to contact depends on whether opposing forces were previously in contact. If forces are not in contact, then the central feature of the movement-to-contact is gaining or reestablishing contact with the enemy ADP 3-90

33 ACE-TI Product Use DrillWhat are the seven elements of information warfare AND where can they be found? Electronic Warfare Deception Physical Destruction Protection and Security Measures Perception Management Information Attack Computer Attack TC Chapter 7 page 7-3 Product: TC Chapter 7 page 7-3 Answer: Electronic Warfare Deception Physical Destruction Protection and security measures Perception management Information attack Computer warfare Located on front page of ACE-TI site on ATN: https://atn.army.mil/dsp_template.aspx?dpID=311

34 ACE-TI Product Use DrillDescribe key characteristics of a Complex Battle Position Complex Battle Position – a defensive location designed to employ a combination of complex terrain, C3D, and engineer effort to protect the unit(s) within them from detection and attack while denying their seizure and occupation by the enemy. Limited avenues of approach (not necessarily tied to AA) AAs easily observable 360-degree fire coverage and protection C3d is priority (counter-mobility may reveal location) Large logistic caches Sanctuary from which to launch attacks The TRISA Red Diamond is a monthly newsletter— that publicizes OPFOR doctrine for training readiness Threats used in Army capabilities development, and topics of interest on OEs throughout the world. Articles for the RD are accepted from analysts within the TRADOC G2 and from YOU! All articles must follow the RD SOP and be approved by the ACE-TI directors. Examples of who and where we support include: COCOMs and the US Homeland OPFOR Doctrine and Training -- Soldier-Leader Development Home Station Training Collective Events Education: IMT BOLC CCC CGSC and Specialized Courses LVCG= Training: Live-Virtual-Constructive-Gaming Not to be confused with… Strong point – A heavily fortified battle position tied to a natural or reinforcing obstacle to create an anchor for the defense or to deny the enemy decisive or key terrain. -ADP 3-90 TC , ¶ 4-108

35 Questions?