1 Progressivism & ImperialismMr. Webster’s Class

2 Textbook Assignment For this activity, you will work with a partner, and together, you will be assigned a few pages to read from your textbook (Ch. 11). Upon reading the text, you and your partner will summarize your findings in the form of a children’s storybook. Your storybook should be written in a way that a young child (5-year-old) could understand, and it should include an illustration as well. It must also be based in historical fact and pertain to the reading. In addition, since you are only summing up a single page’s worth of findings, your story should be brief. It should contain at least 8 sentences however.

3 Titanic Assignment (worth 20 points)For this assignment, you are to pretend that you work for a news publication, and you must create a headline and news report of the sinking of the Titanic. Your headline must grab the reader’s attention, and your news report must include as much background information as possible (time and date of the sinking, number of lives lost, what caused the ship to sink, how the surviving passengers were rescued, etc.). You can create a fictitious name for your newspaper (i.e. Kansas City Star), or you can use the name of an existing publication, like the New York Times. Your newsletter should take up both the front and back of one sheet of paper. The assignment is worth 20 points. I will be grading as follows: 10 points for content accuracy, 5 points for creativity, and 5 points for structure.

4 Ch Review Assignment For this assignment, you will be working with a partner, and together, you must use your textbook (Chapters 10 & 11) to create 15 questions and answers that you feel would make good test questions. You may have up to 4 vocabulary questions, but no true or false, fill in the blank, or multiple choice. You may put all of your questions and answers on the same sheet of paper, but you must write down the page # where you got each of your questions and answers. Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you will submit them to me for accuracy. Once each group has completed the activity, we will play a round of trivia. The winning team will receive a reward.

5 Vocabulary (Ch. 10) Progressivism – a reform movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization muckraker – a writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business Social Gospel – reform movement that sought to improve society by applying Christian principles temperance movement – the movement aimed at limiting alcohol consumption suffrage – the right to vote NAACP – organization founded to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans Urban League – organization that provided relief efforts for African Americans living in cities

6 Vocabulary (Ch. 11) imperialism – political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories jingoism – aggressive nationalism; support for warlike foreign policy insurrection – rebellion guerilla warfare – nontraditional combat methods sphere of influence – a region dominated and controlled by an outside power Queen Liliuokalani – Hawaiian queen who resented the increasing power of white planters; overthrown in 1893

7 William McKinley William McKinley was the 25th President of the United States ( ). McKinley’s presidency is often associated with the Progressive Era and the Spanish-American War. In 1901, Pres. McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz while visiting the Pan- American Exposition in Buffalo, NY.

8 The Roots of ImperialismFor most of its early history, America played a small role in world affairs. In the late 1800s, this began to change. The United States began to acquire influence and territories outside its continental borders. The United States was abandoning isolationism and emerging as a new power on the global stage.

9 Causes of Imperialism During the Age of Imperialism (mid-1800s through early-1900s), powerful nations attempted to extend their influence across much of the world. One reason for the rush to grab colonies was the desire for raw materials and natural resources. Imperial countries would extract raw materials from colonies and ship them to the home country.

10 Military Strength To expand and protect their interests around the world, imperialist nations built up their military strength. Alfred T. Mahan played a key role in transforming the U.S. into a naval power. Mahan also argued that the U.S. needed to acquire foreign bases where American ships could refuel and gather fresh supplies.

11 Imperialism and Social DarwinismImperialists around the world used ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism. Social Darwinists felt that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore were destined to rule over them. Prominent Americans worried that if the United States remained isolated while European nations gobbled up the rest of the world, America would not survive.

12 Anti-Imperialists Some Americans, known as anti- imperialists, were opposed to the acquisition of territories. Anti-imperialists believed that imperialism violated the principle that government must come from the “consent of the governed.” Members of the Anti-Imperialist League included Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, and Andrew Carnegie.

13 First Steps toward ImperialismIn 1854, Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated a treaty that opened Japan to trade with the U.S. In 1867, the U.S. took possession of the Midway Islands. In 1867, the Sec. of State William Seward brokered a deal for the U.S. to purchase Alaska from Russia. Many referred to the purchase as “Seward’s Folly” and “Seward’s Icebox.”

14 Hawaii In 1778, Capt. James Cook “discovered” the Hawaiian islands.At the beginning of the 1800s, American missionaries began settling in Hawaii and quickly gained influence and wealth. In 1893, a group of wealthy businessmen, plantation owners, and U.S. troops helped overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy. Five years later, Hawaii was annexed by the United States.

15 Cubans Rebel Against SpainBy the end of the 1800s, Spain was an imperial nation in decline. Its once vast empire had dwindled to a small number of possessions, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippine Islands. In 1895, Cuban patriot Jose Martí launched a war for independence from Spain. Many Americans favored the Cubans, and many were influenced by the sensationalist headlines of William Randolph Hearst’s newspaper.

16 Remember the Maine! In Jan. 1898, Pres. McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect U.S. citizens in Cuba. In Feb. 1898, the USS Maine exploded in Havana harbor. Of the 350 officers and crew on board, 266 died. While the cause of the explosion remains unclear, many Americans blamed Spain. War fever gripped the nation, and “Remember the Maine!” became a rallying cry.

17 Yellow Journalism To boost readership, newspaper publishers like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst created sensational headlines and exaggerated Spanish atrocities. This is known as yellow journalism. Their stories helped fuel anti- Spanish sentiment throughout the United States.

18 The Spanish-American WarOn April 25, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain. In the Philippines, the Americans quickly defeated Spanish forces. In Cuba, Theodore Roosevelt led his volunteer cavalry unit, known as the Rough Riders, to victory at the Battle of San Juan Hill. By August 1898, fighting had ceased. The United States had won!

19 America Becomes an Imperial PowerUnder the Treaty of Paris (1898), Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam, and sold the Philippines to the U.S. The United States had an empire and a new stature in world affairs. The war marked a turning point in the history of American foreign policy.

20 The Philippine-American WarAfter the U.S. decided to maintain possession of the Philippines, many Filipinos became disillusioned with America. During the Philippine-American War ( ), Filipino insurgents rebelled against U.S. rule. The U.S. won the conflict, but pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence. This happened in 1946.

21 Puerto Rico When the Spanish-American War ended, Puerto Rico remained under direct U.S. military rule. The Foraker Act (1900) authorized the president to appoint a governor and part of the Puerto Rican legislature. Puerto Ricans could vote for the remaining part of the legislature. Many Puerto Ricans were upset that they did not have the same rights as U.S. citizens.

22 Platt Amendment As a result of the Platt Amendment (1903), the United States agreed to withdraw its troops from Cuba. In return, Cuba agreed to allow the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs, and they were required to lease land to the U.S. to be used as a naval station (Guantánamo Bay). Cuba was also prevented from signing treaties with other nations without American approval.

23 Progressivism Industrialization, urbanization, and immigration brought many benefits to America, but they also produced challenging social problems. In response, a movement called Progressivism emerged in the 1890s. Progressives believed that new ideas and honest, efficient government could bring about social justice. Progressives brought lasting reforms that still affect society today.

24 A Variety of Issues Some Progressives thought that political reform was the most urgent need. Reformers targeted city officials who built corrupt organizations, called political machines. Other Progressive reformers sought to reduce the gap between rich and poor, and improve living conditions in America’s crowded cities.

25 Muckrakers Socially conscious journalists and other writers often dramatized the need for reform. They were given the name “muckrakers” as they tended to focus on the ugliest side of things, such as poverty, corruption, and ruthless business practices. A muckrake is a tool used to clean manure and hay out of animals’ stables.

26 The Progressive Platform & Social GospelProgressive activists promoted laws to improve living conditions, public health, and schools. They urged government to regulate businesses, and they lobbied to ban child labor. Many reformers wanted to improve society by applying Christian principles. This movement was known as the Social Gospel.

27 Settlement Houses In cities, Progressives established settlement houses, which were community centers that provided social services for the urban poor. Jane Addams became a leading figure in the settlement house movement. She is known for opening Hull House, which was a settlement house in Chicago. Religious organizations such as the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) also provided services for the urban poor.

28 Hazardous Working ConditionsIn the early 1900s, the U.S. had the highest rate of industrial accidents in the world. Each year some 30,000 workers died on the job, while another 500,000 were injured. In March 1911, a fire at New York’s Triangle Shirtwaist Factory shocked Americans and focused attention on the need to protect workers.

29 The Triangle Shirtwaist FireWorkers in the factory had little chance to escape the raging fire because managers had locked most of the exits. The fire killed 146 workers, most of them young Jewish women. Many jumped from the windows in desperation. After the blaze, New York passed laws to make workplaces safer, and other cities and states followed suit.

30 Election Reforms Progressives also pushed for election reforms.Traditionally, it was the party leaders who picked candidates for state and local offices. With the introduction of the direct primary, citizens themselves selected nominees for upcoming elections. In 1913, the 17th Amendment provided for direct election of senators.

31 Initiatives, Referendums, and RecallsProgressives also worked for three other political reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. The initiative gave people the power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot of the next election by collecting citizens’ signatures on a petition. The referendum allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature. The recall gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended.

32 Women’s Rights By the early 1900s, a growing number of women wanted to do more than fulfill their roles as wives and mothers. For most women however, working outside the home meant difficult jobs with long hours and dangerous conditions. Progressive reformers helped improve working conditions for women, including capping the workday at 10 hours.

33 The Temperance MovementA main goal of Progressive women was to improve family life. Many women joined the temperance movement, which aimed to limit the consumption of alcohol. In 1916, Margaret Sanger opened the country’s first birth-control clinic, which provided women with information about family planning.

34 Women’s Suffrage One of the boldest goals of Progressive women was suffrage. In 1872, Susan B. Anthony was arrested for voting illegally. In the 1890s, the women’s suffrage movement was reenergized through the efforts of women like Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, and Florence Kelly. Women were officially granted suffrage through the Nineteenth Amendment (ratified in 1920).

35 Contradictions of the Progressive EraThe Progressive Era was not so progressive for nonwhite and immigrant Americans. Progressives tried to make the U.S. a model society by encouraging everyone to follow white, middle- class ways of life. They agreed with so-called scientific theories that said dark-skinned peoples had less intelligence than whites.

36 Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B. DuBoisIn the face of these injustices, Booker T. Washington urged patience. Other African Americans, like W.E.B. DuBois and William Trotter, rejected this view. In 1905, DuBois and Trotter formed the Niagara Movement, which denounced Washington’s idea of gradual progress.

37 The NAACP and the Urban LeagueIn 1909, white reformers joined forces with the Niagara Movement to create the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In 1911, the Urban League was created. The NAACP helped middle-class blacks struggle for political and social justice, and the Urban League focused on poorer workers living in cities.

38 Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt was the 26th President of the United States ( ). Roosevelt embraced Progressive ideals and expanded the powers of the presidency. Roosevelt is often remembered for his Square Deal, which aimed to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor. He was also the inspiration behind the “teddy bear.” Bio Clip

39 Roosevelt’s AccomplishmentsRoosevelt’s presidency is often associated with the following laws: Hepburn Act - promoted fairness related to shipping costs Meat Inspection Act – required federal inspection of meat-processing plants Pure Food and Drug Act – placed controls on production of foods and medicines National Reclamation Act – gave federal government the power to decide where and how water should be distributed Roosevelt also enforced the Sherman Antitrust Act and became known as a “trustbuster.”

40 Roosevelt’s Love for NatureRoosevelt’s deep reverence for nature also shaped his policies. Roosevelt set aside more than 100 million acres of forestland as federal forests. Roosevelt did not believe all wild areas should be preserved, however. Some wild lands held valuable resources which Roosevelt felt should be used.

41 “Big Stick” Diplomacy Roosevelt’s strategy for dealing with other nations has been dubbed as “big stick” diplomacy. This comes from the saying: “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” In 1903, Roosevelt sent U.S. warships to support a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia. This helped Panama win their independence.

42 The Panama Canal Upon achieving independence, Panama granted America control over a “canal zone,” which allowed the United States to build the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal was finished in 1914, and it cut some 8,000 nautical miles off the trip from the east to west coasts of the United States.

43 The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary (1904) updated the Monroe Doctrine and stated that the United States would intervene in conflicts between European and Latin American countries. Many Latin Americans resented America’s role as the hemisphere’s police force.

44 The Russo-Japanese WarIn 1904, Japan attacked a Russian fleet stationed in China, which led to war between the two nations. In 1905, Pres. Roosevelt intervened and convinced both sides to sign a peace treaty. For his efforts, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize.

45 William Howard Taft William Taft was the 27th President of the United States ( ). Roosevelt’s support of Taft helped Taft win the Election of 1908. When Taft did not continue the programs and policies of Roosevelt, Roosevelt became furious. He began speaking out against Taft’s policies, left the Republican Party, and ran for a 3rd term as the candidate of the newly-formed Progressive Party.

46 The Election of 1912 In 1912, the Republican Party split over the issue of reform. Those who wanted a more active government formed the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) and supported Roosevelt. Loyal Republicans supported Taft. The split created an opportunity for the Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson to win the election.

47 Sinking of the Titanic On April 10, 1912, the Titanic departed Southampton, England, for New York. It was the ship’s maiden voyage, and the Titanic had been declared “unsinkable.” At 11:40pm on April 14, the Titanic struck an iceberg. By 2:20am on April 15, the ship had broken apart and sunk into the ocean. Out of 2,224 passengers, only 705 survived. Clip

48 Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson was the 28th President of the United States ( ). Wilson shaped his ideas into a program called the New Freedom, which focused on three types of reform: tariff, business, and banking. Wilson’s presidency is often associated with World War I.

49 Tariff and Banking ReformThe Underwood Tariff Act (1913) lowered tariffs, and included a provision to create a graduated income tax. A graduated income tax means that wealthy people pay a higher percentage of their income than do poor people. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board. The Federal Reserve controls the United States’ money supply, and it became the first national bank since the Second BUS expired in 1836.

50 Business Reform In 1914, Wilson persuaded Congress to create the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC. The FTC monitored business practices in an effort to prevent monopolies, false advertising, and dishonest labeling. The Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) strengthened earlier antitrust laws, and it protected labor unions from being attacked as trusts.