1 Project manhattan Katherine murillo vargas

2 the “Manhattan Project” ” was a code name to keep the project concealed conducted during second World War by the United States with partial support from the United kingdom and Canada in their respective projects secret «alloys of pipes» and «Chalk River Laboratories». The final objective of the project was the creation of the first atomic bomb CODE NAME

3 HISTORY The nuclear scientists Leó Szilárd, Edward Teller, and Eugene Wigner, refugees from Hungary's Jews believed that the energy released by nuclear fission could be used for the production of bombs by the Germans, so it persuaded Albert Einstein, the physicist most famous in the United States, so he warned President Franklin D. Roosevelt of this danger through a letter that Szilárd wrote and was sent on August 2, 1939. In response to the warning, Roosevelt increased the investigations about the implications in the national security of nuclear fission

4 START OF THE PROJECT Roosevelt created a time Committee of the uranium ad hoc to charge of Lyman Briggs, then Chief of the National Boureau of Standards, which began its research in 1939 in the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, in where the physical Philip Abelson investigated the separation of the isotopes of uranium. The National Defense Research Council then took over the "uranium project", as the nuclear physics program was known, and in 1940. Vannevar Bush and Roosevelt created the Office of development in scientific research in order to expand these efforts. The 9 of October of 1941, Roosevelt authorized finally the development of the weapon atomic.

5 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT The 7 of December of 1941 with the attack Japanese to Pearl Harbor, United States came in the second war world. A Day before, Vannevar Bush created the Committee S-1 with the objective of guiding the research. Efforts to obtain material for the bumb increased the metallurgy laboratory of the University of Chicago, the Radiation Laboratory of the University of California and the Department of Physics from Columbia University. For radioactive isotopes they are bombed neutrons uranium-235, which a nuclear reaction occurs and obtain radioactive isotopes of uranium and plutonium.

6 Robert Oppenheimer: Project Director, objected to the military use of nuclear energy once the war. Edward Teller: One of the many Jews who had fled the nazi regime. One of the most fervent defenders of U.S. nuclear arms program Hans Bethe: important theoretician of the project, director of the division technical Richard Feynman: responsible for the theoretical division and computer calculations. In his biography has numerous anecdotes about your stage in the project Manhattan and his feeling of guilt to the exploit the first bumb. Enrico Fermi: fled of his Italy native, was the creator of the first stack Atomic in the University of Chicago. Scientists who collaborated Lawrence was in charge of the electromagnetic separation work at Oak Ridge which provided uranium 235 for the atomic bomb. He was known as the “Atomic Smasher” and the man who “held the key” to atomic energy

7 “ After the detonation of Hiroshima, Einstein would comment: "should burn my fingers with which I wrote that first letter to Roosevelt.“ Oppenheimer would later declare that came to mind the words of Bhagavad Gita: "Now I have become death, the destroyer of worlds"

8 Physicist Julius Robert Oppenheimer while the security and military operations carried out by general Leslie R. Groves. Leslie Groves, a man known for his bellicosity and aversión for the Japanese people, which was something that influenced the decision to use atomic bombs finally. THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WAS DIRECTED BY

9 Research centers Manhattan Project ✘ The main centers that carried out the project were: ✘ Hanford Site, Washington;. ✘ Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico. ✘ The Oak Ridge National Laboratory, T ✘ The National Security Complex Y-12, ✘ And many other centers. ✘ The existence of these centers was kept secret criminally until the end of the war. In many cases workers were unaware of the project they were working, exposing their lives.

10 The creation of the atomic bomb showed the world the success of project Manhattan. were used 37 factories and laboratories of 19 States and of Canada, were employed 125,000 peoples the best scientists and engineers and cost more than $2 billion, The Manhattan Project Succeeded In Its Goal Of Producing The First Atomic Bomb In A Time Of 2 Years 3 Months And 16 Days During the Manhattan Project were four designs for bombs, called Fat Man Little Boy, The Gadget and Thin Man atomic bombs but only created three atomic bombs, between the years 1941-1945

11 « The first pump Atomic of test exploded the 16 of July of 1945 in a tower of steel in the desert of Alamogordo, New Mexico, the artifact is called Trinity and is was of an A-bomb of plutonium of the same type that Fat Man,». it caused an explosion close to 20,000 tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene), much larger than expected THE TRINITY TEST

12 The project was authorized by President Roosevelt and after his death was thrown by order of President-elect Harry Truman Both Truman and his government commanders argued the use of the atomic bomb as the only way to end the war, besides they thought that the Germans were developing an atomic bomb which had used against them or against any allied country. The damage caused the battle of Pearl Harbor was also decisive when attacking Japan. The Americans needed revenge for this attack. USE OF ATOMIC BOMBS IN WWII

13 The uranium “Little Boy” bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 8:15 am. He developed about 15 kilotons double the expected bias slanted in the act 78,000 lives. 1.

14 The plutonium “Fat Boy” bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and detonated the 11:02 on August 9, 1945 about 3 kilometers from the aim developing 20 kilotons. 40,000 Japanese died in the Act 2.

15 140,000 It is estimated that by the end of 1945, bombs had killed to Although only half had died the day of the bombing. between the victims, 15 to 20% died from injuries or illness attributed to poisoning by radiation Since then, some other people have died of leukemia (231 observed cases) and different cancers (334 observed) attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs. In both cities, the large majority of the deaths were civilians. 80,000 peoples in Nagasaki in Hiroshima

16 Photography of Hiroshima before the Atomic Bomb. Photography post-bombing Hiroshima.

17 VICTIMS OF ATTACK

18 Through the atomic bomb, scientist have discovered how to harness the power of nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants are far more efficient than traditional power plants. The medical field has also taken advantage of the atomic bomb. Technology used in the atomic bomb is also used for CAT scans and chemotherapy. Not all by-products of the atomic bomb have been negative

19 At the end of the war, Japan was occupied by Allied forces led by the United States with contributions from British India, Australia and New Zealand, the United Kingdom, that it adopted the "three non-nuclear principles", which forbade Japan have nuclear weapons On August 14th, 1945, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, Japan it surrendered unconditionally. The emperor himself made the announcement of the end of the war through the radio; It was the first time in history that the Japanese could hear the voice of their emperor. With this release, the Emperor renounced his divine status. But this surrender was made formal on 2 September with the signing of the Act of capitulation. Japanese surrender in World War I I

20 The Manhattan Project officially ended in 1946 when it became part of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). The Manhattan project not only helped bring an end to World War II, but it also advanced the knowledge of the atomic age and determined how future wars would be fought. Soon after the Manhattan Project became a success, the Soviet Union developed their own atomic bomb. First these weapons were attached to bombers, but soon space-based systems were developed. These systems utilized rockets that could take a nuclear warhead from one side of the globe to another in under an hour. Since the 1950's, there has existed an amount of weaponry on earth great enough to destroy humanity. No one has used these weapons against another country since WWII because of Mutally Assured Destruction (MAD). If the US were to launch an attack against Russia, the Russians would immediately retaliate by launching their missiles, and not only would the US be destroyed, but Russia would as well. the Soviet Union developed their own atomic bomb

21 Although some scientists approved the use of the bomb before and after its release, many of them were affected by the terrible effects their creation had on the two Japanese cities The scientists began to actively involved in politics. Thus began what It is known as the "Scientific Movement" "Scientific Movement "

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