1 Punctuation End Marks, Commas, Quotation Marks, Italics, Semicolons, Colons, Apostrophes

2 Question Mark Exclamation Point PeriodEND MARKS Question Mark Exclamation Point Period

3 Question Marks: Go at the end of interrogative sentences: For Example:sentences that ask questions For Example: Where is the cafeteria? When is the first football game? Is there a club for that?

4 Exclamation Points: Go at the end of exclamatory sentences:sentences that make a strong statement We won the football game! I got an A on my first test! Go at the end of some imperative sentences: sentences that give a strong command or request Watch out for that car! Go to your room! Go after some interjections: Words that convey strong emotions or reactions Ouch! That pizza was hot! Wow! It is really cold outside!

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7 Periods: Go at the end of declarative sentences:sentences that make a statement Most students don’t get enough sleep. The outline should be completed before Friday. Go at the end of some imperative sentences: sentences that give a command or request Try to be on time tomorrow. Please close the window. Go after/with some abbreviations: (list of some commonly used abbreviations that use periods on next slide) J.K. Rowling is a very accomplished writer. First hour starts at 8:08a.m.

8 Generally Speaking: Do not use periods in uppercase abbreviations but use them in lowercase abbreviations or abbreviations that use both uppercase and lowercase letters. a.m. = ante meridiem (before noon) p.m. = post meridiem (afternoon) misc. = miscellaneous Assoc. = association Corp. = corporation Dept. = department Inc. = incorporated Ltd. = limited Ph.D. = doctor of philosophy Jr. = junior Sr. = senior Dr. = doctor or drive Prof. = professor Mr. = mister Ms. = miss Mrs. = misses St. = saint or street Gov. = governor Gen. = general Capt. = captain Col. = colonel Sgt. =sergeant Apt. = apartment Ste. = suite

9 Let’s Practice! Oh! What beautiful flowers those are!/.Directions: add question marks, exclamation points, and periods where necessary. Oh! What beautiful flowers those are!/. As summer progressed, lawns across the city turned brown./! Which of these books is your favorite? Watch this video about the registration process./! Wow! C.S. Lewis once came here to write his books!/. Watch your step!/. Look in the phonebook for a surgeon named C.J. Doran./! Does your sister like her new apartment?

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12 Items in a Series Compound Sentences Miscellaneous UsesCOMMAS Items in a Series Compound Sentences Miscellaneous Uses

13 Commas Items in a Series

14 When listing more than two items in a sentence, place a comma after all items except the last one.Last summer we went to the park, fished in the stream, and hiked on the mountain. If all items have and, or, or nor between them, do not use commas between the items. Last summer we went to the park and fished in the stream and hiked on the mountain.

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16 The oxford comma debate— use it to avoid confusionThe Oxford Comma is a comma placed immediately before the coordinating conjunction (usually and or or) in a series of three or more terms. This vacation we went hiking, snorkeling and sunbathing. (Without Oxford Comma—you can’t snorkel and sunbathe at the same time!) This vacation we went hiking, snorkeling, and sunbathing. (With Oxford Comma—this is correct!)

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20 Use commas to separate two or more equal adjectives before the same noun.Adjectives are considered “equal” if they can be switched and the sentence doesn’t change meaning. I’ve had a long, hectic, tiring day. I’ve had a tiring, long, hectic day. –All good! The interesting, fun art class met on Saturday. The fun, art, interesting class met on Saturday. Not quite! “fun” and “interesting” are equal, but “art” needs to be next to “class” for the sentence to make sense!

21 Let’s Practice! Directions: add commas to the following sentences where necessary! If a sentence is correct or doesn’t need any commas write “Correct.” Cinder is a white, fluffy, friendly cat. Mr. Carter has lived in Memphis, Houston, and Boston. We can see pictures and dinosaurs and artifacts at the museum. CORRECT We saw a long, suspenseful movie at the theater today. Please bring an easel, paintbrush, and paint to art class.

22 Commas Compound Sentences

23 Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction when the conjunction joins two sentences. And, but, or, nor, so, for, yet Will the storm hit Detroit, or will the rains bypass the city? Boston is a busy city, but New York may be a busier one. If either part of the sentence (before or after the conjunction) cannot be its own sentence then you don’t use a comma. We listened to the radio and ate our sandwiches. No comma needed We listened to the radio, and we ate our sandwiches. Use a comma!

24 Commas Miscellaneous Uses

25 USE COMMAS TO SEPARATE ITEMS IN dates.On Saturday, June 21, 1999, Robert moved with his parents. My brother was born on May 1, 1993, and I was born on March 11, 1990. USE COMMAS TO SEPARATE ITEMS IN ADDRESSES. His new address is 814 Georgia Avenue, Miami Beach, FL We moved from Jacksonville, Illinois, to Jacksonville, Florida.

26 USE A COMMA AFTER THE SALUTATION OF A PERSONAL LETTER AND AFTER THE CLOSING OF ANY LETTER.Dear Mark, Dear Aunt Sue, Sincerely yours, With love, USE a comma to set off an abbreviation, such as Jr., sr., or m.d., that follows a person’s name. Russell E. Davis, Jr., has been elected mayor. We interviewed Dr. Thomas Franklin, M.D., at his office in the clinic.

27 USE a comma to set off a statement in quotation marks from the words identifying the speaker.Mary yelled, “The concert tickets are sold out!” “Remember that your research assignment is due on Monday,” Ms. Snader announced.

28 Let’s Practice! Directions: add commas to the following sentences where necessary! If a sentence is correct or doesn’t need any commas write “Correct.” Allen wants a mouse as a pet, but Theresa wants a hamster. The tour guide told us about the history of the city, yet we still had many questions. We moved to Boulder, Colorado, on September 30, 1999. Dear Susan, Please sent your resume to 441 Main Avenue, Destin, FL Sincerely, Sam Smith George, Jr., yelled, “Watch out for that car!”

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31 COMMAS Nonessential phrases and clausesIntroductory words, phrases, and clauses Interrupters

32 Commas Nonessential Phrases and Clauses

33 Use commas to set off nonessential phrases and clausesUse commas to set off nonessential phrases and clauses. Nonessential=unnecessary; can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence Jim, who made the best grade on the last test, will help us study for the next test. Dad, energized by his morning jog, made us breakfast. The telephone woke Mr. Grady, who was snoring loudly.

34 An essential phrase or clause is not set off by commas because it helps the sentence make sense. IT GIVES NECESSARY INFORMATION OR CLARIFIES SOMETHING. The girl who is from Sacramento won the spelling bee. Actors wishing to audition for the school play will meet here at 4:00 P.M. Library books that are lost or damaged must be replaced.

35 Commas Introductory Words, Phrases, and Clauses

36 USE A COMMA TO SET OFF A MILD INTERJECTION AT THE BEGINNING OF A SENTENCE. (If it is a strong interjection, you would use an Exclamation point!) Oh, I didn’t know about that. No, I haven’t taken the test yet. Use a comma after an introductory participle or participial phrase. participle—a verb form that is used as an adjective; ends with –ing or –ed Shivering, the couple hurried into the warm lobby of the theater. Exhausted after a three-mile swim, Dan emerged from the water.

37 Use a comma after an introductory prepositional phrase, even if the phrase is long. if two or more phrases appear together a comma is only needed at the end. During the long bus ride home, we sang songs and told stories to amuse ourselves. In the book, review pages On Monday if you happen to beat us home, we need you to set out the trash cans.

38 Use a comma after an introductory adverb or adverb clause.Quietly, the students completed their homework in study hall. Today, many students have access to computers. After winning the season opener, the team celebrated.

39 Let’s Practice! Debbie, who is my best friend, moved away last summer.Directions: add commas to the following sentences where necessary! If a sentence is correct or doesn’t need any commas write “Correct.” Debbie, who is my best friend, moved away last summer. The boy who is standing next to the lockers is my brother. CORRECT His shoes, shined and polished, went well with his uniform. Spinning in a circle, the little girl fell onto the grass. Yes, I do like your new haircut. When you go into the kitchen, please take this plate with you.

40 Commas Interrupters

41 Use COMMAS TO SET OFF NONESSENTIAL APPOSITIVES AND NONESSENTIAL APPOSITIVE PHRASES. APPOSITIVE—A NOUN OR PRONOUN PLACED BESIDE ANOTHER NOUN OR PRONOUN TO IDENTIFY OR DESCRIBE IT My dog, a beagle, looks like Snoopy from the Peanuts cartoon. Have you read At Home in India, a book by Cynthia Bowles? An essential appositive or appositive phrase is important to the meaning of the sentence. Therefore, no commas needed! Speaking of movies, have you seen the animated film Frozen? My brother James helped me.

42 Use commas to set off words in direct addressUse commas to set off words in direct address. Direct address—use a person’s name/title to get that person’s attention (most commonly used in dialogue.) Mom, I have piano lessons today after school. Yes, Ms. Snader, I turned in my paper. Please close the door, David.

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44 Use commas to set off parenthetical expressionsUse commas to set off parenthetical expressions. Parenthetical expressions—a side remark that adds information or shows a relationship between ideas In fact, he was offering a reward for his missing keys. We believe him, of course. You are, I hope, planning to arrive on time.

45 Common Parenthetical Expressionsafter all at any rate consequently for example for instance generally speaking however I believe in fact in the first place meanwhile moreover nevertheless of course on the contrary on the other hand that is therefore

46 Let’s Practice! My maternal grandfather, Raymond Steele, was a farmer.Directions: add commas to the following sentences where necessary! If a sentence is correct or doesn’t need any commas write “Correct.” My maternal grandfather, Raymond Steele, was a farmer. Golden retrievers are, generally speaking, smart and friendly dogs. I’m so glad you are visiting us, Samantha. My friend Kathleen came with me to the doctor’s. CORRECT Meanwhile, my mom was able to stay at work. Larry, could you come downstairs for a minute?

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49 QUOTATION MARKS

50 Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation—a person’s exact words.“I’m taking the test tomorrow,” stated Ryan. “I hope,” said Dan, “that it doesn’t rain during the picnic.” “The date is set,” declared Bob. “We can’t change it.” Do not use quotation marks to enclose an indirect quotation—a rewording of a person’s exact words. The teacher explained that the test would take the entire class period. Sam asked if we were going to work on the project after school.

51 Direct Quotations and CapitalizationA directly quoted sentence begins with a capital letter. “Please sign in when you get to the Media Center,” reminded the teacher. Her father asked, “Why did you buy another purse?” Capitalize a directly quoted remark even if the remark is not a complete sentence—frequently used in written dialogue. Mr. Smith answered, “On Friday, of course.” “Yes,” she agreed.

52 Direct Quotations and CapitalizationWhen an interrupting expression divides a quoted sentence into two parts, the second part begins with a lowercase letter. “I’m not sure,” remarked Annette, “whether I’ll be able to attend the meeting.” If the first and second parts of a direct quote are complete sentences, a period follows the interrupting expression, and the second part begins with a capital letter. “Where have you been, Jim?” asked Lee. “The bus is leaving.”

53 Direct Quotations and CapitalizationWhen a direct quotation of two or more sentences by the same speaker is not divided, only one set of quotation marks is used. Tanya suggested, “Let’s donate the profits from the car wash to Operation Christmas Child. It provides a shoebox of gifts to children in developing countries who face difficult circumstances such as disease, poverty, famine, or war.”

54 Let’s Practice! Directions: The following sentences are already in quotation marks. Underline the words that should have the first letter capitalized. “Now is the time,” Ms. Snader reminded us, “to practice your skills.” “The azaleas are beginning to bloom,” said Gina. “They’re especially beautiful this year.” Who said, “This is my favorite flower?” Mother answered, “Yes! I would love to go out to dinner!” “The play is about to begin,” the usher said. “Please take your seats.”

55 Direct Quotations and PunctuationA direct quote is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, question mark, or exclamation point, but not a period. “Your projects are due on November 17,” reminded Ms. Snader. “On what day is your 16th birthday?” asked her friend. “You forgot? You’d better get me a good present!” she exclaimed.

56 Direct Quotations and PunctuationCommas and periods, when part of a quote, are always placed inside the quotation marks. “The concert tickets are sold out,” Mary said, “and I had really wanted to go.” Colons and semicolons are placed outside the closing quotation marks. The following students have been named “most likely to succeed”: Jane Doe and Sam Smith. He quoted a Cameroonian proverb, “By trying often, the monkey learns to jump from the tree”; it reminded me of the expression “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again.”

57 Direct Quotations and PunctuationA question mark or exclamation point is placed inside the quotation marks if the quotation itself is a question or exclamation. While I was at bat, Sam kept yelling, “Hit it over the fence!” A question mark or exclamation point is placed outside the quotation marks when the entire sentence is a question or exclamation and not the direct quotation. Why did you shout, “It doesn’t matter”? When both the sentence and the quote at the end of the sentence are questions or exclamations, only one question mark or exclamation point is used inside the quotation marks. Who asked, “What time is it?”

58 Direct Quotations and PunctuationWhen a quoted passage consists of more than one paragraph, put quotation marks at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the entire passage. Do not put quotation marks after every paragraph. “Now, this car is one of our hottest sellers. It has bucket seats, a CD player, and alloy wheels. “It’s also one of the safest cars on the road because of its heavy suspension and antilock brake system. It gets good gas mileage, too. “All in all, I think this would be the perfect car for you.”

59 Let’s Practice! Directions: The following sentences are already in quotation marks. Underline the words that should have the first letter capitalized and add any necessary punctuation. “Meanwhile,” the teacher said, “we shall read independently.” Margaret said, “I can’t wait for Spring Break!” When did you say, “We can go on Thursday”? “Watch out for that car!” shouted Brian. “Can you wait a minute?” said the parent. “He needs to tie his shoelaces.”

60 Quotation Marks and DialogueWhen writing dialogue (a conversation), begin a new paragraph every time the speaker changes, and enclose each speaker’s words in quotation marks. A man of Merv, well known as the home of complicated thinkers, ran shouting one night through the city’s streets. “Thief, Thief!” he cried. The people surrounded him, and when he was a little calmer, asked: “Where was the thief?” “In my house.” “Did you see him?” “No.” from “The Thief” by Niamat Khan

61 Quotation Marks and TitlesUse quotation marks to enclose titles (including subtitles) of short works. SHORT STORIES— “The Fireman” POEMS— “In Memory of Richi” ESSAYS/ARTICLES— “Learning to Cook” SONGS— “Wait for It” TV EPISODES— The Walking Dead “Slabtown” CHAPTERS— Chapter 23 “Punctuation: Semicolons and Colons”

62 Single Quotation Marks and Misc.Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation or title within a quotation. Bob said, “Dad yelled, ‘No way!’” Megan asked, “Did you like my rendition of ‘America the Beautiful’?” Use quotation marks to enclose slang words, technical terms, and unusual uses of words. My best friend said my new shoes look very “fly.” Is there now a computer that can perform more than fifteen “gigaflops” (that is, fifteen billion operations) a second? Fire burns oxygen quickly; my chemistry teacher says flame is a “gas- guzzler.”

63 Let’s Practice! Directions: In the following sentences add quotation marks and the necessary punctuation and capitalization. “Stengelese” was a type of double talk named after baseball manager Casey Stengel. “How are you doing today?” the nurse asked. “I feel fine,” said the patient. Mrs. Symons asked, “Is your favorite Emily Dickinson poem ‘The Moon was but a Chin of Gold’?” “Did you read Josh’s article in the Crimson J titled, ‘Monday Off’?” Ms. Stark asked the class. “Please open your books,” Ms. Williams instructed, “to ‘Part Two: The Sieve and the Sand.’”

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66 ITALICS

67 This sentence is printed in italics.Italics are printed letters that lean to the right. This sentence is printed in italics. When you are writing, indicate italics by underlining. If you are typing, use italics. UNDERLINING: I enjoyed the book The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter. ITALICS:

68 Use italics (underlining) for titles and subtitles of larger works.Books: The House on Mango Street Plays: The Tragedy of Julius Caesar Long poems: The Odyssey Periodicals: Sports Illustrated Works of art: Mona Lisa Movies: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix TV series: Grey’s Anatomy Long musical works and recordings: Hamilton

69 Aircraft: Spirit of St. Louis Air Force One Ship: Carpathia Titanic Use italics (underlining) for the names of ships, trains, aircraft, and spacecraft. Aircraft: Spirit of St. Louis Air Force One Ship: Carpathia Titanic Train: Orient Express Polar Express Spacecraft: Challenger Apollo 13

70 Use italics (underlining) for words, letters, symbols, and numerals referred to as such.Sometimes my 3’s look like 8’s. The first o in zoology is pronounced with a long o sound. The four H’s in 4-H stand for head, heart, hand, and health. The three M’s referred to in the company name 3M stand for Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing.

71 Use italics (underlining) for foreign words that have not been adopted into English.Bonjour Does the Vietnamese word chiao mean the same thing as the Italian word ciao? Daktari is Swahili for the English word doctor.

72 Let’s Practice! Directions: In the following sentences underline the words that need to be italicized. Maria refers to Van Gogh’s Sunflowers in the twelfth section of her long poem Daughters of the Earth. There is no t in the word pizza, but it sounds like there is one. The Queen Elizabeth, once a transatlantic ship, is now docked in California. Sophomore students will be reading Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury this spring. The Italian word trattoria is a term used for an inexpensive restaurant. Marcia writes her 7’s with a line through the middle.

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75 SEMICOLONS

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78 Semicolon Uses Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are closely related and not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or nor, for, so, yet Examples: The big game is tomorrow; I’m mentally prepared. Everyone else in my family excels in a particular sport; I seem to be the only exception. The river is rising rapidly; it is expected to crest by noon.

79 Semicolon Uses Use a semicolon between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or a transitional expression. Examples: The garden was my idea; therefore, I should be in charge of it. Lisa is planning to become an engineer; however, she is also interested in graphic design. Only two people registered for the pottery lesson; as a result, the class was canceled.

80 Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitional ExpressionsAccordingly Moreover As a result Also Consequently In spite of Indeed Still For example Otherwise Meanwhile In conclusion However Besides For instance Nevertheless Instead In other words Next Then In fact Furthermore Therefore That is

81 Semicolon vs. Comma Use a semicolon instead of commas before a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas. Examples: On Tuesday, March 11, we will be in Atlanta; and the day after that, we will be in Chicago. Jack sat with Tony, Pat, and me; and Josh sat with Fred, Zach, and George. Searching for the house key, I found a dime, a nickel, and a penny; and John, my brother, found his lost watch.

82 Let’s Practice! Directions: In the following sentences add semicolons and commas where necessary. Zoe like to play backgammon and chess; however, she rarely has time because of her English homework. Renee will have to take Linda’s place in tonight’s performance; unfortunately, Linda sprained her ankle and cannot walk. Amelia’s neighbor’s dog barked all night long; as a result, she didn’t sleep very well. Nod your head if you agree, John; I can’t tell by your facial expression alone. The only students who came to the class meeting were; Josh, a writer; Kenzie, a dancer; Amy, an athlete; and Evan, a reader.

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85 COLONS

86 Colons: use a colon to mean “note what follows”Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as the following and as follows. Examples: The duties of this job are as follows: help unload the delivery trucks, sweep the aisles, and stack items on the shelves. In Washington, D.C., we visited four important national sites: the White House, the Washington Monument, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and the Lincoln Monument. During summer vacation, Jan read biographies of the following people: John Quincy Adams and Mahatma Gandhi.

87 Colons continued… Do not use a colon between a verb and its complements or between a preposition and its objects. At the amusement park, we rode the roller coaster, the Ferris wheel, the bumper cars, and the water slide. Our family has lived in California, Arizona, and Texas. Use a colon before a long, formal statement or quotation. Then he addressed the crowd: “Many of you here have become discouraged. You feel that no one cares that this power plant is polluting your water and your air. Don’t give up though. Together we are making progress, and together we will shut this thing down!” Patrick Henry offered these words on freedom: “Give me liberty or give me death.”

88 Colons continued… Use a colon before a statement that explains or clarifies a preceding statement. If the statement after the colon is a complete sentence, then start the statement with a capital letter. Examples: He deserves a raise: He completed the project on schedule and under budget. Paul slapped his forehead: He had forgotten to put oregano in the sauce. Samantha left before the rest of us: She had to be there early to help with the costumes.

89 Colons in conventional situationsUse a colon between the hour and the minute. 4:30 P.M. today 6:15 P.M. 9:55 tomorrow morning Use a colon between chapter and verse in Biblical references. John 3:16 Psalms 8:9 I Corinthians 13:1-13

90 Colons in conventional situationsUse a colon between a title and a subtitle. Unbroken: A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption Liar, Temptress, Soldier, Spy: Four Women Undercover in the Civil War I Am Scout: The Biography of Harper Lee Use a colon after the salutation of a business letter. To Whom It May Concern: Dear Mr. Fielding: Dear Sir or Madam:

91 Let’s Practice! Directions: In the following sentences add colons where necessary and indicate if any words need to be capitalized. Brittany has read works by the following poets: Emerson, Poe, Dickinson, and Frost. Maggie arrived at the party late: She had trouble getting her car to start. Nathan’s goals are as follows: to go to college, to study medicine, and to become a surgeon. Jordan, set your alarm for 5:15am: We have to pick up Claire at 7:00am. Natasha is reading Gandhi: A Life, a biography of Mahatma Gandhi, and recommended it to Emily.

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94 APOSTROPHES

95 Nouns in possessive caseTo form the possessive of most singular nouns, add an apostrophe and an s. Susan’s house a week’s salary one boy’s backpack When forming the possessive of a singular noun ending in an s or a z sound, add only an apostrophe if… the noun has more than one syllable the addition of an s would make the noun awkward to pronounce Odysseus’ adventures (Bible and myth names) Buenos Aires’ citizens each of that TV series’ characters

96 Nouns in possessive case cont.If a singular noun ending in an s or a z sound does not satisfy both of these conditions, add an apostrophe and an s. Carlos’s bicycle a bus’s tires my boss’s orders To form the possessive case of a plural noun ending in s, add only the apostrophe. cats’ owners cities’ problems princesses’ duties

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98 Nouns in possessive case cont.The few plural nouns that do not end in s form the possessive case by adding an apostrophe and an s. geese’s migration children’s stories men’s suits mice’s cheese In most cases, do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of a noun. INCORRECT: The four horse’s pulled the wagon. CORRECT: The four horses pulled the wagon.

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102 Pronouns in Possessive CaseDo not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns or with the possessive pronoun whose. my desk its tail whose coat POSSESSIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS Singular: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its Plural: our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs To form the possessive of an indefinite pronoun, add an apostrophe and an s. anyone’s choice someone else’s problem each other’s feelings

103 Compounds in Possessive CaseForm the possessive of only the last word in a compound noun, such as the name of a business or an organization, and in a word group showing joint ownership. sister-in-law’s brother (one brother) Urban League’s office (one office) Bob and Jim’s canoe (one canoe) Form the possessive of each noun in a word group that expresses individual possession of similar items. Michael’s and Lisa’s wallets (each has a wallet) Denise’s and Mark’s books (each has own books) Rich’s and Linda’s cars (each has a car)

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105 CONTRACTIONS ***generally, contractions should not be used in formal writingUse an apostrophe to show where letters, words, or numerals have been omitted in a contraction. Who is……….who’s She will……….she’ll Could have……….could’ve Will not……….won’t 1990……….’90 You are……….you’re It is……….it’s Of the clock……….o’clock Cannot……….can’t Has not……….hasn’t

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108 PLURALS Use an apostrophe and an s to form the plurals of numerals, symbols, letters, and words referred to as words. (These words should be italicized!) Most of your cursive u’s and U’s are the same. My son’s 9’s frequently look like 4’s. It appears that the writer has with &’s. There are too many because’s in the introduction of your paper.

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111 Let’s Practice! Directions: In the following sentences add apostrophes where necessary. Some words may be used incorrectly so you will need to cross them out and re-write them. Last week I followed my parents’ suggestion and enrolled in an amateur photography class offered by our city’s art center. I shared my mom and dad’s exasperation when , once again, I spent a whole week’s allowance on disappointing pictures. Who’s going to be at the part today at 1 o’clock? Are these &’s or 8’s? I graduated from high school in ‘08 and from college in ‘12. My pictures of Sally and Jim’s wedding reception, our family’s social event of the year, were destroyed when I fell into the pool with my camera.

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