1 Push and Pull Factors Processes and Patterns Theories of MigrationCauses of Migration Push and Pull Factors Processes and Patterns Theories of Migration
2 Causes of migration The decision to move is made in the source area.Push Factors are reasons to leave your home. Pull Factors are reasons to move to the new destination. Push factors are therefore REAL, whilst Pull factors are PERCEIVED. In reality the destination might not live up to the perceived benefits and this is why Migration Counter-Streams exist (people return to their source area).
3 Causes of migration - Push and pull factorsUsing two different columns identify as many PUSH (from a person’s origin), and PULL (towards their destination) factors as you can. Skilled job prospects Political or social unrest High wages Housing shortages Oppression Promotion Educational opportunities High standard of living Difficult climate Poverty Lack of access to healthcare facilities High quality/accessible health care Freedom of speech Intolerance/Discrimination Low income Higher Education Natural disasters Improved housing High unemployment Racial / religious tolerance Attractive environment Many amenities/services
4 Push and pull factors for a West African family.For each factor decide is it a push or a pull factor? Do you think they should migrate to the EU? Why?
5 Push and pull factors vary – no source or destination will be perfect…
6 Constraints, obstacles and barriersCost The Journey Immigration Laws
7 Costs of migrating ‘CLOSING UP’: ‘OPENING UP’:What kinds of costs would you need to consider if you were migrating in or from an LIC/MIC and how might these be different in an HIC? ‘CLOSING UP’: Leaving family (emotional cost) Selling house Disposing of possessions or transporting them Cost/type of transport ‘OPENING UP’: Purchasing/building a house in destination (shanty towns)? Purchasing appliances/furniture? Share a room? Live with relatives?
8 The journey Distance cost dangerLampedusa Serbia Afghanistan Turkey
9 Dangers of Crossing the Mediterranean
10 Dangers of migration journey
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12 Immigration laws - Encourage or Limit Immigration?USA: During its first hundred years, the United States had a laissez-faire or open borders policy that allowed immigrants into the United States without restriction. At the time of the American Revolution, most colonists wanted more immigrants to help develop North America. In fact, one of the crimes imputed to George III by the Declaration of Independence was “Obstructing the Laws for the Naturalization of Foreigners” and “Refusing to encourage their Migration hither.” The Naturalization Act of 1790 established the principle that an immigrant could acquire citizenship relatively easily. Between 1783 and 1820, an estimated 250,000 immigrants came to America. After 1820, ship captains had to report on the immigrants they brought to the United States, and since then, 67 million immigrants have been admitted to the United States.
13 Australia After the Second World War (1939–45) the Australian government committed to a vigorous and sustained immigration program. The purpose of this ambitious program was to meet labour shortages, protect Australia from external threat and create prosperity. As a result, from 1945 to Australia's population almost doubled from 7½ million to 13 million. About 3 million migrants and refugees arrived.
14 Today most HICs only allow highly skilled migrants to legitimately gain Visas for entry.Australia’s General Skilled Migration (GSM) Program = restricted entry: Candidates must meet the Basic Requirements for GSM and pass the Australian immigration Points Test to qualify for a visa to move to Australia. The requirements for an Australia Skilled Visa are as follows: Age - you must be under 50 when you apply; English language - you should have sufficient ability in the English language to work in Australia (at least at a competent level); Nominated occupation - when you apply you nominate a skilled occupation, which fits your skills and qualifications. Your nominated occupation must be found on the Skilled Occupations List; Skills assessment - before you apply, you must have your skills assessed by the Australian assessing authority designated to assess your nominated occupation (which will usually have specific qualifications requirements); Health assessment - you should be of reasonably good health and all applicants must have their health assessed by a panel doctor and undergo a medical examination; and Character assessment - you should be of good character and this too will be assessed.
15 Australia has a relatively low number of Asylum applications compared with other HICs…SP CIE 9696/02: 1. Suggest Reasons why Australia, an HIC, may be an attractive destination for asylum seekers [5 marks].
16 Australian migrants SP 9696/02BBC News 15 December hrs Christmas Island shipwreck kills asylum seekers 42 drown trying to reach Australia Australia has seen an increase this year in asylum seekers arriving by boat. Today’s incident, in which 42 people drowned when their boat smashed against rocks in a storm, shows the dangers involved in these journeys. There are currently almost 3000 people in the Christmas Island Immigration Detention Centre waiting for officials to rule on their cases.
17 Which country shows the greatest number of asylum seekers? [1 mark]Describe the distribution of source areas of asylum seekers shown in the map. [4 marks]
18 https://www. theguardianhttps://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/video/2016/aug/10/nauru-briefing-the-casual-brutality-of-australias-offshore-detention-regime-video
19 Cold war emigration restrictionsThe first barrier was constructed overnight on 12 August 1961, after the leader of the East German Communist Party, Walter Ulbricht, ordered a barricade to stop East Germans defecting. An estimated 2.5 million people had flooded into West Berlin since and the Government wanted to put a stop to the exodus from the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Berliners woke up on 13 August to find themselves separated from friends, family, work and even their homes and in the coming weeks and months, the barrier was strengthened with concrete walls and guard towers. The finished wall was made up of a 66 mile concrete section that was metres high, with a further 41 miles of barbed wire fencing and more than 300 manned look-out towers.
20 HUKOU - China Registration required for all individuals as an: Urban or Rural dweller. Permission required to change status and was often denied if it was for rural-urban migration This system helped China to avoid the problem of Shanty Towns, common in many other MICs
21 Processes and patterns of Migration
22 Major migration streams over time:Europeans to North America and colonies abroad; African Slaves to the Americas; Europeans to USA/Canada and Russia into Siberia; East Asians (mainly Chinese)into SE Asia and N America; South Asians (Indian Subcontinent) to territories around Indian Ocean and UK; and Mexico/Central American/Caribbean peoples to USA; and now African migrants into Europe. Categorise them all: INTERNATIONAL, INTERNAL, VOLUNTARY, FORCED or ECONOMIC?
23 Major Global Migration Streams
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25 More modern patterns of migration
26 Where do international migrants live?
27 2014 Data: Complete questions 8 & 9 on p.137 relating to more modern patterns of migration.
28 Complex Choices influence migration decisionsTASK: Questions 10 & 11 on p.138
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30 STEPPED MIGRATION Stepped migration is essentially , a migrant/s migrating from a rural area to a large urban area, but splitting this into smaller steps at a time. It was initially studied in Nigeria, as migrants moved from smaller villages in steps to the large city of Lagos E.g. Where rural migrants initially head for a familiar small town and then after a period of time moves on to a larger urban settlement.
31 STEPPED MIGRATION
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33 Theories of migration Ravensteins Laws The Push-Pull Hypothesis - LeeThe Systems Approach The Torado Model
34 Push-Pull Hypothesis Ravenstein’s 19th Century Theory – updated in 1966 in ‘Principles of Migration’ by Everett Lee: Simple push/pull/barriers. Too simplistic – migration is far more complex than this theory recognises. It shows possible migration between a place of origin and a place of destination, with positive and negative signs signify pull and push factors, respectively. Flows take place between two places, but there are intervening obstacles to these spatial movements. Although these obstacles are represented by "mountain" shapes, keep in mind that the obstacles need not be limited to physical barriers. Restrictive immigration laws, for example, can present a formidable barrier to prospective migrants. Note that both the origin and destination have pushes and pulls, reflecting the reality that any migrant must consider both the positives of staying and the negatives of moving, as well as their converses. The logic of the push-pull theory is that if the plusses (pulls) at the destination outweigh the plusses of staying at the origin, as shown below, them migration is likely to occur.
35 The Systems approach Akin Mabogunje based on rural-urban migration in Africa: INPUTS OUTPUTS PROCESSES URBAN AND RURAL CONTROL SUB-SYSTEMS
36 The Todaro model (by Michael Todaro)Economic costs and benefits determine individual decision to migrate. He argues potential migrants are willing to endure short-term falls in income in the hope of better prospects for themselves and their children in the future.
37 Foreign males moved to work in construction and oil industriesGender-based factors Traditionally men undertook economic migration sending remittances to family at home. Barriers to migration reinforced this (only permitting workers not their families to migrate) Types of jobs available (construction = more likely men to migrate. Service jobs e.g. domestic servant/nursing = more likely women to migrate)? Foreign males moved to work in construction and oil industries (20-50 years old)
38 Age-based factors Traditionally: Migrants are young (fit, healthy, ambitious, fewer family ties) More recently: Students migrating to Universities in HICs (but may return to country of origin after studies) Older people migrate in HICs from urban-rural areas (often coastal areas) Population age distribution in Torbay, Cornwall
39 Comparison population pyramid influenced by migration - london Torbay, Cornwall International migration may also be influenced by age too e.g. Dutch and German pensioners retiring to Costa del Sol in Southern Spain.
40 PAST PAPER QUESTION 2015/13 Question 5 Page 9 5 Fig. 4 shows the destinations, by distance, of migrants from a city in an MEDC. (a) Describe the main features shown in Fig. 4. [2] (b) Suggest two reasons for the features you described in (a). [3] (c) Explain the factors that might limit the ability of people to migrate. [5]
41 Past Paper questions: Question 11b P4 (Essays)With the help of one or more examples, describe what stepped migration is and explain why it occurs. [8 marks ]