1 RECONSTRUCTION
2 Republicans split over Reconstructionvs. Moderates Radicals
3 Radicals Want South & leaders punished *many disenfranchised *large plantations confiscated *vote to slaves
4 Lincoln’s 10% Plan *10% of voters from 1860 take loyalty oath*Those voters set up state gov *Vote to educated blacks & vets
5 Wade – Davis Plan *need majority of white malesGovernor appointed by Pres. calls convention Voted on by those who take ‘Ironclad Oath’
6 State must: *abolish slavery *disenfranchise Confederate military & civilian leaders *repudiate Confed. state debts
7 Lincoln sees a show
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11 Powell fights Frederick Seward
12 Lewis Powell George Atzerodt Mary Surratt David Herold
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14 Andrew Johnson
15 *Democrat *Tennessee *Poor – hates planter class *not in favor of rights for freeman
16 Northern opinion hardens:*assassination of Lincoln *Southern reluctance to abolish slavery *refuse Black suffrage *elect former Confederates
17 Georgia elects as Senator:Alexander Stephens
18 O. O. Howard
19 Freedman’s Bureau
20 Black Codes Try to get as close as possible to slavery *Arrested if unemployed *Charged with vagrancy *Fined, can work off fine at a plantation *can’t refuse a job *can’t quit without permission
21 13th Amendment – 1865 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude13th Amendment – 1865 Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
22 1st definition of citizenship14th Amendment 1st definition of citizenship *Born in US *Naturalized
23 All entitled to: equal protection under the lawBans anyone who took oath to uphold Constitution then rebelled
24 1866 election Rep Dem Senate House Most Republicans Radicals
25 Military/Radical Reconstruction*Tennessee allowed back in *5 military districts w/general *register all qualified voters: Black males White males not in rebellion
26 Steps to re-enter *vote for delegates *voters ratify constitution which includes black suffrage *hold elections *new legislature ratifies 14th *restored to Union when enough states ratify
27 15th Amendment States can not deny vote to citizens because of: “race, color or previous condition of servitude”
28 Tenure of Office Act President can not remove any confirmed official w/o Senate approval
29 Command of the Army Act President can only issue military orders through the Commanding General of the Army, who can not be removed w/o approval
30 Impeachment of Johnson*Fired Sec. Of War Stanton *House votes 11 charges *Senate needs 36 votes to convict – has 42 Republicans
31 Vote on 1st charge 35 to 19 Vote on 2nd charge 35 to 19
32 Scalawags Southern Republicans *former Whigs*farmers in non-slave areas hope for internal improvements *Wealthy planter who want economic development
33 Carpetbaggers Northerners who come down for Reconstruction
34 Election of 1868 Republican Ulysses S. Grant
35 Democrat Horatio Seymour
36 Scandals of the Grant Administration
37 Credit Mobilier *Stockholder of Union Pacific *Overpriced & fraudulent contracts *Cost government $$$$$ *Bribe Congressmen to stop investigation *Schuyler Colfax took bribe now Vice President
38 Treasury officials and distillers cheat government out of taxesWhiskey Ring Treasury officials and distillers cheat government out of taxes Includes Oliver E. Babcock Grant’s private secretary
39 Secretary of War William W. Belknap:Takes bribes from Indian post traders to keep positions
40 1872 Horace Greeley Nominee of Liberal Republicans and Democrats
41 Southern States ‘Redeemed’States that had a white majority – upper South – gain control of state government without too much trouble Throw out the Republicans
42 Nathan Bedford ForrestKu Klux Klan
43 Use intimidation on voters1890’s average 187 lynching per year Use economic pressure: *won’t rent land *no credit in stores
44 Black Republicans National level 1869-1900: State level:20 in House in Senate State level: Lower House of South Carolina
45 Education By schools established 200,000 students ~12% of black Children
46 By 1876: 50% White 40% Black Attend school in the South
47 THE NEW SOUTH
48 Some look to diversify Southern Economy‘Out Yankee the Yankees’ Promote thrift, industry & progress
49 *Southern textile industry grows*Tobacco-James Duke American Tobacco Co. *Expansion of Railroad
50 Few attempt to redistribute landWhite ownership down 80% % 1876 Black ownership up to 20%
51 Why don’t Radicals take plantations away and give land to freed slaves?Republican businessmen against the idea.
52 By 1900 70% of Southern FarmersTenant Farming By % of Southern Farmers Due to crop-lien
53 Types of Tenant Farming*Cash rent – farmer with supplies *Sharecroppers – farmer with nothing
54 Local stores give credit to purchase suppliesCharge as high as 50% interest Have lien on crops Many farmers end up in permanent debt to store
55 Booker T. Washington Atlanta Compromise
56 PLESSY v. FERGUSON Separate but Equal"The object of the [Fourteenth] Amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either."
57 South works to eliminate Black franchise*Poll tax *Literacy test Cuts black voting by 62%
58 Jim Crow Laws
59 Lynching in the South
60 By 1876 only 3 Reconstruction governments left:South Carolina Louisiana Florida
61 ELECTION OF 1876
62 Republicans dump GrantSelect: Rutherford B. Hayes
63 Samuel Tilden Democrat Gov. of New York
64 Tilden wins popular vote by 300,000
65 Dispute in 3 States over Electoral vote:South Carolina, Louisiana, Florida Only states still controlled by Reconstruction
66 Tilden needs 1 vote Hayes needs all the votes
67 Special Commission: 5 Senators 5 Representatives 5 Supreme Court Justices
68 Supreme Court Members: 2 Republicans 2 Democrats 1 IndependentReally a Republican
69 Deal: Compromise of 1877 *Pull out troops from South *1Southerner in Cabinet *Control Federal Patronage *Internal Improvements