1 Referencing with APA (Harvard)Skills for Learning Study and work more effectively Referencing with APA (Harvard) Lynne Crook Study Skills Consultant

2 Content: • Why we need to reference • Plagiarism • In-text citations• End list referencing • Types of sources

3 Why should we reference?Acknowledge the work of others Demonstrate engagement with the literature Improve assignments Support our arguments Avoid plagiarism Demonstrate engagement with the literature in your subject area – you need to show that you have read widely for your assignments – breadth and depth of material. You will be given credit for showing that your arguments are based on the work of experts in your subject area – improve your marks by showing you have used good quality sources. You will be marked on your ability to assess, compare, critically analyse the work of others. You need to separate your ideas from those of other people you have read and so you must clearly acknowledge the works of others. The reader of your assignment must be able to follow up on your references and find the original sources you have used. If you acknowledge the work of others you will avoid charges of plagiarism.

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5 Explanations “In-text citation”Referring to a source of information within the text of your essay. “Reference List” Full details of the item you have used Given at the end of your piece of work All items in one list in alphabetical order. Breaking down some of the terminology! When we talk about an “in text citation” we mean referring to the author’s work within the body of your essay by including the author’s name and date of the work within the essay itself. When we talk about referencing a work within your reference list – this involves giving full details of the publication at the end of your work – so including all the details of the publication such as author, title, publisher, date etc. All items given in alphabetical order. Do not separate them out into different types of sources. So far we have been showing you how to do in text citations (i.e. paraphrasing & using direct quotes). Next we will look at how you reference resources in your reference list.

6 In-text citations General references to a work:When you paraphrase or summarise Surname (year) or (Surname, year) References to specific quotes/ tables: If you have quoted If you have directly lifted results/information/ diagrams/pictures…. Surname “quote” (year, page) or “quote” (Surname, year, page)

7 What does it look like? The most influential research was that done by Carter-Holland (2007), who argued that some flavours of Brand A alco-pop were incorrectly labelled. The sugar, additive and alcohol-by-volume labels appeared to be from previous recipes of the products, and had not been updated when the recipes and flavourings had changed. He found that the actual alcohol-by-volume content of Brand A was “almost twice what it claimed to be” (Carter-Holland, 2007, p.112). As Carter-Holland also points out in this study, this means that an individual could think that their consumption was comfortably under the legal drink-drive limit, when in fact they might have consumed almost twice as much alcohol as they thought. Although the manufacturers initially denied these claims and denied any legal responsibility, later independent testing by two different laboratories seemed to confirm Carter-Holland’s findings (Brandt, 2009).

8 Things to avoid Brand A alcopops were incorrectly labelled, the sugar, additive and alcohol-by-volume labels being from previous recipes for the drinks. This, in particular, meant that people could drink the products and then drive in the belief that they were under the legal limit, while actually having consumed much more alcohol. The actual alcohol-by-volume content of Brand A was “almost twice what it claimed to be” (Carter-Holland, 2007, p.112). OR Carter-Holland (2007) found that Brand A alcopops has been incorrectly labelled, with the sugar, additive and alcohol-by-volume labels being from previous recipes for the drink. The alcohol-by-volume was twice what was claimed on the label. This meant that people could drink the alcopop and then drive in the belief that they were under the legal limit, when this may not be the case. The manufacturer claimed that this was not the case. However, independent testing confirmed that Carter-Holland was correct (Brandt, 2009).

9 Different numbers of authorsFirst Citation Subsequent Citations One author (Lyons, 2008) Lyons (2008) discussed… As First Citation. Two authors (Southgate & Carthew, 2007) Southgate and Carthew (2007) argue … Three, four or five authors (Peate, Platow, & Eggins, 2008) According to Peate, Platow and Eggins (2008)… (Peate et al., 2008) According to Peate et al. (2008) Six or more authors (Visioli et al., 2009) Visioli et al. (2009) describe … Corporate author (National Health Service [NHS], 2012) The National Health Service (2012) reported… (NHS, 2012) The NHS (2012) reported No authors (Pipistrelle bats, 2010) The Climate Change Act (2008) outlines… (Use a short form of the title.)

10 Secondary ReferencingBest practice - find and refer to the original work by Reid and include this in your reference list. If not, then you could cite as: Reid (1993, cited in Stewart, 2010) conducted an experiment… OR Stewart (2010) discusses the work of Reid (1993), who argues that… In this case, put Stewart in the reference list. You should always try to track down the original work, but if that is not possible and you still need to quote the ideas of one author which you have found in another, your in-text citation must include the author of the idea you are using, plus the source you have found it in. Reference list – should only include those sources which you have actually read yourself, so in this example, if you couldn’t find the original work by Reid then you would just put the Stewart book in your reference list.

11 What is plagiarism? “Plagiarism involves taking the work of another person or source and using it as if it were one’s own. The source of the original material is hidden from the marker by not referencing it properly or by paraphrasing it without acknowledgement or by not mentioning it at all.” (University of Salford, 2014) Work includes, but is not restricted to, written work, ideas, musical compositions, computer programs, laboratory or survey results, diagrams, graphs, drawings and designs. Plagiarism may occur in all forms of assessment, including written examinations.

12 Paraphrasing Using another author’s work, but changing the sentence wording or restructuring an argument. You still need to reference their work. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is when you use another author’s work in your essay, but rather than quoting the exact words they’ve used, you change the wording. Even though you have put the idea into your own words, it still belongs to the original author and so you must still provide a reference to your source. Therefore, remember to make a note of the source (e.g. the author, book/journal, date and page number) and write out all this information in full. You will then be able to cite and reference it in your own work.

13 One example… Original text by Ogden (2000):“Increases in the prevalence of obesity coincide with decreases in daily energy expenditure due to improvements in transport systems, and a shift from an agricultural society to an industrial and increasingly information-based society.” Paraphrase 1: Decreases in daily energy expenditure have led to increases in the prevalence of obesity. This is due to the change from an agricultural society to an industrial society, and improvements to transport systems. What do people think of this example? Very bad paraphrasing does nothing more than move the words from the original around. It will be considered plagiarism even if it is referenced, which can result in the whole piece being failed, with potentially even more serious consequences. Even if you do reference, lazy paraphrasing like this is unlikely to get you any marks as your tutor will not be able to see any evidence that you have understood the piece.

14 Another example… Original text by Ogden (2000):“Increases in the prevalence of obesity coincide with decreases in daily energy expenditure due to improvements in transport systems, and a shift from an agricultural society to an industrial and increasingly information-based society.” Good paraphrasing involves breaking free from the structure of the original. Do not copy the exact sentence order where it is possible to avoid it. Here is the piece paraphrased well, condensing the passage into its essential information. Note: on this example even through the author has used their own words, they are still citing the source, as it’s the idea that’s the important element to give credit for. Paraphrase 2: As occupations have changed over time from agricultural to industrial, so the levels of energy used by individuals each day have declined. This has led to higher levels of obesity in society (Ogden, 2000).

15 Getting paraphrasing rightRephrase in own style Use synonyms Use “quote marks” for specialist phrases Change grammar and sentence structure Write the paraphrase in your own style. Consider each point; how could you rephrase it? Use synonyms where appropriate. Key words that are specialised subject vocabulary do not need to be changed. If you want to retain unique or specialist phrases, use quotation marks (“…”). Change the grammar and sentence structure. Break up a long sentence into two shorter ones or combine two short sentences into one.

16 Direct quotes Include quote marks, surname, year & page numberConsider purpose of quote Include quote marks, surname, year & page number Be selective Whenever you copy the author's exact words into your own work you must distinguish them as a quote. Consider purpose of quote. When you use quotes, make sure you include an explanatory paragraph explaining why the quote is important and its meaning within the context of your essay. Don’t just insert quotes with no explanation or discussion. Short quotes should be enclosed in "quotation marks". Cite the author's last name, the date of publication and the page number on which you found the quote. Then, write a full reference at the end of your work. Long quotes – longer than two or three lines then DO NOT use quotation marks – text should be placed as a separate paragraph, single spaced and indented from the left hand margin. Be selective in your use of quotes. It is preferable to demonstrate your understanding of the topic in your own words. Subject disciplines vary in how much direct quotation is acceptable. Check with your tutor if unsure.

17 Task Read the examples given. Do you think any of them might be plagiarised, not sufficiently paraphrased or have poor in-text citations?

18 Plagiarism? Poor Academic Practice?Original Text reads: Psychological benefits are also related to individual needs or motivations, while visitor satisfaction relates to personal benefits received from the marine wildlife encounter. Visitors are intrinsically motivated to seek these personal rewards or benefits through interactions with marine wildlife, while also escaping from their normal routines and daily life. Essay One reads: As Zeppel and Muloin (2006) note, such wildlife interactions give people the opportunity for a break from their everyday world, and to seek out the fulfilment of their own individual wants. Essay Two reads: Visitor satisfaction relates to the personal benefits which visitors are intrinsically motivated to seek, while also escaping from their normal routines and daily life.

19 Plagiarism? Poor Academic Practice?The world view held by an individual researcher or institute is clearly an important factor in the choice of research methods. But there are other factors, too. Within academic organisations senior members can exert pressure on junior people to adopt methods that they don’t believe in. Essay one reads: This is also the case in HE institutions, in which the choices of researchers can be influenced by more senior staff (Easterby-Smith, Lowe and Thorpe, 1991, p. 43). Essay Two reads: While the world view held by individual researchers or institutes is an important factor in the choice of research methods, there are other factors. Less experienced members of staff may find themselves pressurised to use the methodologies preferred by those in higher positions in the organisation (Easterby-Smith, Lowe and Thorpe, 1991, p. 43).

20 Reference List: ExampleAdams, K., Porter, H., Walker, P.L. & Fallon, L.J. (2013). Art for Art’s Sake. London: Abacus Ltd. Benson, H.V., Roper, L.C. & Allinson, H.S. (2013). Investigations into the Paranormal. Glasgow: Scottish Publishing Group. Brandt, L. (2009). Summary of findings in the recent alco-pop debate. Journal of Alcohol Research, 25(1), Retrieved from Carter-Holland, P. (2007). Research into the alcohol-by-volume percentages found in popular alco-pops. Journal of Alcohol Research, 23(2), 102–114. doi: /j tb00534.x El-Haikh, M. (2010a). Postmodernist Theory. In N. Sanders & N.A. Breith (Eds.), Teaching theories: an examination of the key arguments (pp ). Cambridge: Young’s Education Series. What does a reference list look like? References are listed at the end of your work organised alphabetically by author surname. A reference list is a list of citations that have appeared in your work. A bibliography is a list of all the sources you have consulted during your research, whether you have cited them or not. You could do a ‘spot the mistake’ activity here. Handout is in the shared drive V:\ILS\aTrainingUserSupp\Delivery\Referencing\Activities

21 Referencing a book Referencing practice activity Book Publisher CityTitle Latest version & date Authors

22 Referencing a book Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2012). Research methods for business students (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. Point out what each section of the reference is. All the information can be found on the front cover and usually the first inside pages.

23 BOOKS The following details are required for books:Author. Year of Publication. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example: Carey, N. (2012). The Epigenics Revolution. London: Icon Books. Spot the mistakes: Jones, B. K. Industrial Marketing. New York: McGraw Hill (2000). Bernard Burnes. (1996) Managing Change (2nd ed.). Pitman: London.

24 Electronic Journal ArticlesJournal Details Electronic journals – all the information you need should be on the first page of the electronic journal article. Article Title Author DOI

25 Electronic Journal articlesWithout doi: Chambers, S. (2003). Use of non-verbal communication skills to improve nursing care. British Journal of Nursing, 12(14), Retrieved from With doi: Pociask, F.D., Dizazzo-Miller, R., & Samuel, P.S. (2013). Reducing cognitive load while teaching complex instruction to occupational therapy students. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67(5), doi: /ajot Some journals will have a digital object identifier (DOI), if it does, use it. If not, include the URL.

26 Electronic journal articlesThe following details are required for electronic journal articles: Author. Year of Publication. Title of Article. Journal Title. Volume number(Issue number), Start and end page numbers of article. DOI number OR ‘Retrieved from’ and name of database Example: Garner, T.W.J., Rowcliffe, M. & Fisher, M.C. (2011) Climate change, chytridiomycosis or condition: an experimental test of amphibian survival. Global Change Biology, 17, doi: /j x Spot the mistakes: Osborne, P., & Ballantyne, D. (2012). The paradigmatic pitfalls of consumer-centric marketing. Marketing Theory, 12 (2), doi: /

27 Webpages URL Corporate author Web page title Referencing websites tends to be an area where students struggle the most. The way you reference will vary slightly depending on whether the webpage has an author or not and whether the content is likely to be updated. It is important to remember that an author can be an individual, but, as is more often the case, with websites it can be an organisation – what we call a ‘corporate author’ like NHS, Oxfam etc. Some tips about referencing websites… it’s not always obvious who has authored the page, so look for the organisation who is responsible for the webpage – try the ‘about us’/ ‘contact us’ section of a website. With any of the referencing… the key message is to be accurate, consistent and to include all the required information to enable a reader to locate the sources. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (n.d.). Into practice. Retrieved 28th August, 2014, from

28 Websites The following details are required for websites: Author or corporate author (if known). Year or last copyright year (or n.d. if no date). Title. Access date (if from a source which may change), from URL. Example: BBC Sport. (2010). World Cup vote: Decision day for 2018 and 2022 bidders. Retrieved 2 March 2011, from Spot the mistakes: (2006). British Broadcasting Corporation. Help is at hand for web security. Retrieved 4 June, 2007, from

29 Turnitin - What does it do?Checks your work against millions of internet, book and journal sources Produces an originality report for your work For help using it: Turnitin is a tool for e-submission and matching text electronically to help avoid plagiarism. You access Turnitin through Blackboard. Where appropriate to the assignment, you will submit work to Turnitin for marking. You may also be offered the opportunity to submit draft assignments to Turnitin allowing you to see any text that Turnitin has matched to its data bank and check that it is correctly referenced. It checks your work against over 4 billion internet, book and journal sources. Turnitin produces a report showing you where any of your work matches these sources so that you can check you have cited and referenced your work correctly to your School’s standard before you submit your final piece of work. The Skill for Learning pages have a wealth of information about using Turnitin including videos.

30 Apps and software Double check accuracy and compliance with our APA (Harvard) guidelines. There are lots of apps and software that can help you with your referencing-here are a few. Search in your App store for others. We don’t recommend any particular one. If you do decide to use a referencing tool, make sure you check all citations and references against the Referencing Handbook.

31 References University of Salford. (2014). Academic Misconduct Procedure. Retrieved from

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