1 REGIONAL WILDLIFE TRADE TRENDS AND ISSUES Manado, 20th May 2015Thanks REGIONAL WILDLIFE TRADE TRENDS AND ISSUES Manado, 20th May 2015

2 What are we going to do? Test a few myths about wildlife crime, and describe global, national, and local trends. Talk about some research findings, challenges and opportunities Propose a few ideas for next steps in Indonesia.

3 GLOBAL TRENDS

4 BROAD GLOBAL TRENDS $10bn a year.( Wilson-Wilde, 2010) Prices appear to be rising Demand is rising, and diversifying. New markets are being created – new middle class in Asia and Africa Increasing sophistication, decreasing visibility Wildlife criminals are professional, organised, cooperating internationally, and innovative

5 THE RHINO PARADOX

6 REGIONAL TRENDS

7 Market values ($) Per 100g Rhino horn Gold $2000-$6000 $4800Tiger bone balm $850 Heroin $ Elephant ivory $50-$700 Golden Turtle $300-$500 Amphetamine $100 Mirror global trends Opium $50 Pangolin scales $ Beef $ $1 Per 100g

8 WILDLIFE CRIME AND TRADE IS ONLY AN ASIAN PROBLEM….

9 USA and Europe are critical MARKETSNew York, $2m of ivory seized in 2012. JFK airport – 1.4 billion tons of freight… but only 6 inspectors and 4 police agents And Growing middle class in Africa and Asia are driving home-grown demand.

10 BUT IN ASIA, MARKETS ARE TRANSNATIONAL

11 ….FACILITATED BY ROAD NETWORKS

12 AND ARE EVOLVING FROM THIS…

13 ….TO THIS

14 WILDLIFE CRIME IN ASIA ONLY AFFECTS A FEW SPECIES….

15 A huge variety of species are traded in SE Asia, from every species group.1/3rd of all bird species, and thousands of mammal and reptile species are globally traded (Nijman, 2010)

16 …On an industrial scaleChina (2003) - 31 Tigers, 581 Leopards, 778 Otters

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18 POACHERS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE ARE POOR PEOPLE TRYING TO MAKE A LIVING

19 A modern (illegal) supply chain

20 EXPORT Indonesian Consumers Indonesian retailers: Jewelry shopWildlife in Indonesia's forests Wildlife in forests of other countries National hunters Hunters in other countries Wholesale wildlife traders Illegal crossing points EXPORT Legal border gates Smuggled Fake permits Indonesian retailers: Restaurants Pharmacies Pet Shops Jewelry shop Indonesian Consumers Illegal cross-border trade in wildlife from Vietnam to China highlighting on routes wildlife moves from the forest to the markets in China

21 WILDLIFE CRIME IS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM….

22 Far reaching impacts Disease transmission (SARS, Avian flu) Manta rays value 2000 times greater for tourism alive than dead for fisheries products (c. $2m) Corruption Loss of ecosystem services Weakening the rule of law Economic losses (taxation)

23 Indonesian trends and challenges

24 current knowledge

25 TRADE VOLUMES + DEMAND: KEY TRENDSData is very species specific and/or site specific, so accurate national or provincial scale assessments are currently impossible. All signs (expert respondents, seizures, observations) indicate illegal wildlife trade in Indonesia is rapidly increasing, in line with increasing domestic/regional/global demand. Domestic demand is key for some species – particularly birds. In 2008, poaching rates for parrots from North Halmahera, Maluku were an estimated at just under 1000 birds annually , 41% for export (Philippines), and 59 % for domestic trade. When trade in one species appears to fall, it usually reflects a switch to a different species. The trade in Indonesia is very dynamic.. Trade in tigers, hornbills, elephant ivory, pangolins and other species is estimated to have increased four fold since 2010 according to respondents. 4

26 81,689 1,320 3-5 1260kg 55 Indicators of VOLUMENumber of pig nosed turtles seized in Indonesia between destined for export (2012) Number of manta rays in Indonesia killed annually for their gill rakers before the ban (2012). 1,320 3-5 Number of live Sun-bears exported per day from Indonesia (2008) 1260kg The ivory sales from a single trader in Lampung since 2003 – equivalent to 47 elephants (2014) 55 Number of tiger related cases investigated by WCS Wildlife Crime Unit since 2003 (2015)

27 Indicators of volume 5,000 Number of helmeted hornbills poached between across Indonesia (2014) 714 Number of slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) observed for sale in 2 markets in Medan between (2008) 25t A single shipment of pangolin scales observed in Sumatra in Equivalent shipments are thought to be leaving Sumatra each month. One kilo of pangolin scales is equivalent to 4 animals (2008)

28 CASE Studies - sulawesiWildlife passing through Sulawesi often destined for the Philippines NGO investigators recorded hundreds of Indonesian species at markets, pet shops, zoos in Manila, General Santos, Davao, and other towns in Mindanao (2002) Bornean orangutan, gibbons and sun bears were seized by North Minahasa police from a smuggler attempting to reach Bitung to board a ship to the Philippines (2004) Forestry police seized a critically endangered Javan Leopard from a smuggler seeking a buyer in the Philippines. Later returned to Java (2006) Talaud Police seized 111 Red & Blue Lories from a man attempting to board a ship to the Philippines (2013) Bitung police seized a Sumatran Sun bear ready for shipping, reported tigers had already gone (2014)

29 MARKET CHARACTERISTICS: KEY TRENDSWildlife trade is increasingly well organised – visibility is declining though still relatively open compared to many countries. There are reports of hunters being equipped and funded by buyers/traders to collect specific species – ‘poaching to order’ Online trade is growing rapidly in response to limited enforcement capacity. Wildlife traders are increasingly using disconnected network systems, like drug traffickers, as well as unidentified methods to get through custom exit points. ü A B

30 $194 - $6,400 $16,000 $6,000,000 $50 – $45,000 MARKET valuesPer bill cost of ‘red’ hornbill ivory in Indonesia, and the per kilo cost of hornbill ivory in Chinese markets – 5x higher than elephant ivory $16,000 Value of an Indonesian Palm cockatoo (Probosciger aterrimus) on the international market. $6,000,000 Value of shark fins extracted from West Nusa Tenggara in 2012 on the international market (434t). Value of an orangutan in Indonesia, and its international market price. WCS WCU has investigated 85 cases involving 545 live primates since $50 – $45,000

31 Extraction areas Extremely high extraction rates indicated from almost all areas in Indonesia: (see red provinces below: But, data is deficient on specific volumes and scale of the trade in all areas.

32 Trade routes Trade routes within Indonesia are complex, involve multiple steps, and are very species specific. Pangolin trade routes in Sumatra are shown below.

33 Key challenges

34 5 challenge clusters identifiedArrest and Detention Registration and prosecution Detection and Reporting Implementation and enforcement Legal Scope 5 challenge clusters identified

35 EXAMPLE: Legal Scope - Identified ChallengesRevision of GR No.7/1999 Reform of Act No.5/1990 GR No. 7/1999 fails to protect CITES listed species, and other species that are of critical conservation concern in Indonesia. No provisions for non-native species protected under CITES (e.g. African ivory). Limited legal protection of species outside protected areas – no connection of species protection to critical habitats. Enforcement powers of forestry investigators are limited The CITES management authority for marine species is currently MoEF – and marine species have insufficient focus. This could be revised

36 EXAMPLE: Legal Scope - Possible actionsRevision on species protection – GR. No.7/1999, to align with CITES as a minimum. Revision of penalties: higher fines – max./min. sentences Removal of various exclusion clauses (wildlife as gifts) Increase authority of forestry and civil investigators and increase their powers of arrest and investigation Allow prosecution of civil suits – e.g. enable legal action to be taken against government officers for failure to enforce existing legislation. Online trading of wildlife trade – e.g. allowing photos, videos and online as admissible evidence in wildlife crime cases. Link protected species with their habitats on GR No.7/1999.

37 OTHER IDENTIFIED CHALLENGESINVESTIGATIONS ARRESTS PROSECUTIONS

38 OTHER IDENTIFIED CHALLENGESImplementation and Enforcement Arrest and Detention Detection and Reporting Registration and prosecution Minimal crime detection – few staff, limited ground based actions. Insufficient knowledge/training for enforcement officers Forestry PPNS cannot arrest suspects of ‘wildlife crime’. Improper legal process often leads to early case dismissal. Lack of technical knowledge within police investigators and prosecutors. Investigation of online wildlife trading is limited and is restricted to investigators without expertise in wildlife trade. Sentencing is often based on ‘state losses’- these are difficult to determine for wildlife crime. Limited collaboration – police/military, forestry rangers, civil investigators, and the public. Legally permitted quotas on harvesting of CITES-listed species are not well established and have limited monitoring.

39 CRITICAL GAP: Data availabilityMany organisations and agencies hold data which is critical to assess the scale of wildlife trade, and to target interventions. BUT Data is collected in different formats, for different purposes (e.g. prosecution vs. monitoring) There are numerous databases – which cannot talk to each other, and are not well utilised. Data sharing agreements exist, but they are not well implemented or enforced. Data is not shared between departments in the same ministry, or between field offices and Jakarta. QUARANTINE CUSTOMS BKSDA NGOS MMAF OTHER MINISTRIES CIVIL SOCIETY MoEF

40 PRIORITY ACTIONS REDUCE DEMAND REDUCESUPPLYSome top priority actions to reduce the volume of Indonesia’s illegal trade in wildlife: Legal reform Legal reform Regulate legal trade – quota monitoring Int’l engagement on wildlife crime Accountability, efficiency and morale of enforcement agencies Accountability, efficiency and morale of enforcement agencies Reducing hunting and poaching – increase ground patrols Focus on criminal kingpins and elite buyers – PPATK/KPK Inter/intra agency coordination and data coordination/ sharing REDUCESUPPLY REDUCE DEMAND

41 SUCCESSFUL APPROACHES

42 GLOBAL MOMENTUM ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement NetworkIndonesia-US Action to Protect Wildlife and Combat Wildlife Crime

43 Opportunities Political – Indonesia has an opportunity for regional leadership Much can happen without legal reform, and rapidly Regional relationships can be strengthened – investigations stop at borders.

44 Solutions are possible: manta raysBefore 2012: Indonesia is the world’s largest shark fishery (>120,000 tons/year) During 2012: Estimated 1,320 manta rays killed in Indonesia March 2013: CITES lists Mantas and 5 shark species on Appendix II for the first time before During 2013: Significant advocacy effort to lobby for manta protection in Indonesia (CI, WildAid, Shark Savers, WCS, WWF)

45 Indonesia declares mantas a protected species 22 August 2014: January 2014: Indonesia declares mantas a protected species 22 August 2014: First ever arrest of a manta ray trader, by MMAF, facilitated by WCS-WCU. 27 January 2015: First manta trader jailed for 16 months and fined $5,000 April 2015: 8 arrests, all facilitated by WCS-WCU; 6 prosecutions finished; sentences up to 1.5 years Main manta ray traders no longer selling manta products

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47 Thank you Matt Leggett

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