1 Review Session
2 General Overview The Establishment of European Hegemony; loss of power in Asia Remaining Asian empires centers of gravity around them Control by West of Western and Eastern Hemisphere Industrialization as cause and effect of Imperialism Rise of nationalism
3 Periodization European control of all major trade circuitsIndustrialization created “haves” vs. “have nots” among peoples Use of industrial power to create dominance structure Political revolutions (American, French, Haitian, Latin American, Russian)
4 Industrialization Why Britain?Agricultural Revolution: enclosure & experimentation led to increased labor supply Technological Revolution: mass production Natural resources: Coal & Iron Economic Strength: structures & capital Political Stability: Liberal Democracy – no revolution during (and no Napoleon)
5 Important Inventions Textile Production Flying shuttle Spinning JennyWater Frame Spinning Mule (1779) Size of machines necessitated factories, starting new system alongside “putting out” or domestic system
6 Transportation InnovationsNeed to supply factories, move product to market Steam Engine single most important Railroads Steamships Steam-powered machines Inventions all had other impacts, e.g. migration & urbanization
7 Industrialization After 50 year head start, spread to:Europe (e.g. Belgium, France, & Germany) Germany: Disunity caused delay, but once started – look out! The United States Lack of labor, civil war kept slow until 1870’s Plentiful natural resources Russia (but impeded) Tsar had railroad built – Trans-Siberian Japan (after 1858) Oligarchy sponsored organized (& disciplined!) efforts
8 Changes in Trade PatternsFailure of some areas to industrialize led to “haves” vs. “have-nots” Raw materials producers vs. manufactured goods Raw materials producers became dependent on small number of crops, were more vulnerable to global price flux
9 Revolutions Conditions leading up to revolution:The intellectual movement called the Enlightenment, which introduced ideas such as natural law, natural rights, consent of the governed, etc. Persistent wars (colonial or otherwise) that caused periodic financial crises An emerging and ambitious middle class A persistently poor and suffering lower class A church perceived as led by the corrupt
10 The ancient regime Refers to the mediaeval order, particularly during the early modern period Divine Right monarchy Absolutism, i.e. Hobbes Increased control of kings over church and nobles from Mercantilist economic policies
11 Revolutions Generally shared the following:Initiated by the bourgeoisie or local elite Involved conflict with existing powers In colonial areas resulted in loss of protection of crown for native peoples
12 Revolutions Where: USA (1776) France (1789) Haiti (Saint Dominique)Latin America (19th century) Russia (1913?) Sepoy Rebellion (1850’s)
13 Impacts of revolutionsFrench revolution, under Napoleon, resulted in: End of feudalism in western Europe Re-emergence of lost nation states (temporary), e.g. Poland Institution of Napoleonic Code as law Devastation of Europe: kept continental Europe from industrializing as quickly as it may have
14 Conservative backlash“Holy Alliance” to keep France in check, limit other revolutionary movements Revolutions of 1848 & 1853 in Europe, push for universal suffrage, etc.
15 Extended impact Ideals of Enlightenment combined with new middle class to produce abolition movement Slave Trade abolished c. 1810 Slavery abolished in most parts of the west c. 1860 Shift to other forms of unfree labor: Indentured servitude Head Taxes
16 Immigration Era of large-scale immigration as transportation became cheaper and easier Asians and Europeans to Americas Responding to lack of opportunities, high rents, famine at home (e.g. Irish potato) Latin America: agricultural jobs vs. North America’s industrial
17 Demographic changes Move to industrial society meant lower family sizes in west, but continued high birth rates elsewhere (e.g. China – 400 million!) Industrialization allowed much faster & more extensive URBANIZATION, where The poor and rich lived vastly different lifestyles
18 Class and gender Working conditions in factories dangerous, unhealthyChild labor No social “safety net” Filthy cities: not designed for large populations of poor migrant workers Shift from work in fields or home (“Domestic System”) to new location: Factory Need for both husband and wife (and kids…) to work to survive – and some still didn’t (!)
19 Changes in social classDevelopment of large middle class whose wealth was based on industry instead of land Failure of some to “make it” attributed to innate inferiority (“Social Darwinism”) Poor vulnerable to economic cycles (even global) Recurrent unemployment brought misbehavior, need to police force
20 Gender Roles CLASS a crucial element:Middle Class women: Cult of Domesticity, “Separate Spheres” mentality Lower class women: worked. Sometimes in factories or as domestics Middle class women idealized during “Victorian Era” while lower class women used as laborers
21 Reform movements Women’s rightsBefore & during revolution women involved (e.g. Olympee de Gouges’ Declaration of Rights of Women) Bread riots and other public demonstrations Boycotting in USA Did NOT lead to increased women’s rights – instead made into symbols & old gender order reinstituted
22 Ideological ReactionsConservatism: return to absolute monarchy, disapproved of revolutions Liberalism: Rule by consent; usually republican government Radicalism: Socialism, marxism, anarchism
23 Reactions to reform “Scientific” racism Social DarwinismUsed “scientific” data to prove mental and/or physical inferiority of non-white peoples (esp. of African descent) Social Darwinism Mis-applied Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection to societies and within societies to explain inequalities as natural (and just)
24 Socialism Believed that factories, etc. should be at least partially under control of the government, which represents “the people” Social safety net Most extreme version = Marxism Class warfare inevitable Dictatorship of the proletariat Public ownership of means of production
25 Nationalism Movement by peoples sharing similar ethnicity, language, religion, etc. to form their own government (“state”) Multinational empires contained many different nationalities (e.g. Austro-Hungarian had Polish, Slovak, etc.) Push for autonomy; use of legal and illegal means (i.e. terrorism)
26 Imperialism Imposition of European dominance on most of worldDirect imperialism (colonialism) “Free-Trade” imperialism Major turning point – Berlin Congress & scramble for Africa