1 Section 1: A New Way of Thinking Pages 422-429Europe in Modern Times Section 1: A New Way of Thinking Pages

2 The Italian Renaissance Renaissance- or rebirth or renewal interest in art and learning.Cities of Genoa, Venice, Naples and Florence Italian traders brought back spices and silk from Asia Europeans through trade became interested in Asia and the Muslim world Al-Kharizmi introduces Arabic numerals and Algebra European scholars took an interest in Ancient Greek and Roman ideas Beginning of Humanism-study of history and philosophy Humanists believed that people were capable of great things

3 Renaissance Art Focused on humans-Statues and painting were made to be life like Renaissance painters used perspective-a technique that allows artists portray a 3-dimensional space on a flat surface Renaissance artists-Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Famous works: the statute “David”, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Mona Lisa, “The Last Supper”

4 The Mona Lisa at the Louvre Museum

5 The Northern RenaissanceNorthern kingdoms of England, Germany and Flanders(France, Belgium) Renaissance Ideas Spread Improved ships, faster sea travel between Northern and Southern Europe Traders brought new ideas Many wealthy Northerners traveled to Italy for their education Movable printing press Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the movable printing press made it possible to produce books faster.

6 Northern Renaissance Artists and WritersPieter Bruegel-Flemish painter, painted peasants Albrecht Durer-German painter who used Italian techniques of realism and perspective William Shakespeare English playwright emphasizing Humanism Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Julius Caesar Thomas More English writer, the book Utopia talks about an ideal society

7 The Protestant ReformationCriticisms of the Church Did not uphold the teaching of the Bible The church became to rich, corrupt and involved in politics The Inquisition-Church court accusing people of heresy Critics of the church were executed Martin Luther Calls for reform A German monk who studied the Bible Wrote an argument (95 Theses) against the Catholic Church Called for a Reformation-a religious movement of reform Non-Catholic or Protestant churches began

8 The Catholic Reformation -Changes to keep Catholicism strongResponse to reformers criticisms Only the Catholic church could interpret the Bible Church traditions were declared just as important to guide Christians as the Bible. Both faith and good deeds were needed for salvation The church renews itself Ended abuse of protestants Catholic mystics-inspiring stories of faith Established missionaries-spread Catholic faith-colonies, Asia, Africa and the Americas

9 Church of England King Henry VIII wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Needed a male heir (only had one daughter, Mary) Pope refused to end his marriage Henry declared that England was no longer under the authority of the pope Formed the Church of England-headed by King or Queen Henry went on to have 5 more wives (another daughter and a son) Daughter Elizabeth became Queen Elizabeth 1, one of the greatest queens in history.

10 King Henry VIII

11 Europe in Modern HistorySection 2: Europe Expands Pages

12 The Age of Exploration Cartography-the science of map makingPortugal Sets Sail-Inspired by Marco Polo’s book from the 1300s Caravels-small, triangular-sailed oceangoing ships Henry the navigator paid for voyages to Asia, trained explorers in navigation Dias was the first explorer to sail around the tip of Africa 1497, Vasco da Gama reached India-ending Italy’s trade control

13 An Age of Empires-Spain Conquers the World1492-Columbus makes landfall in the Caribbean 1513- Balboa becomes the first to reach the Pacific from the Americas Amerigo Vespucci believes the explores have found a “New World”- mapmaker coins the name “Americas” for Vespucci. Conquistadors are sent by Spain to set up Plantations-large commercial farms Cortes conquers the Aztecs in Mexico and CA, Pizarro the Incan Empire in Peru Seized gold and silver from the Aztecs and Incans make Spain the richest kingdom in the world.

14 Establishing Colonies-Gaining land for kingdomsExplorers were searching for a Northwest Passage-route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Hoping to increase trade with Asia and find a faster route by sea. Colonies England and France in North America England set up colonies East on the Atlantic Ocean-Jamestown, Plymouth France interested in fur trade and trading with Native American tribes Dutch control East Indies France set up colonies in India England founded colonies in Australia-prisoners at first

15 Plantation Agriculture-Columbian ExchangeCaribbean in southern North America-sugar cane and tobacco Native Americans became sick with European diseases could not work in fields, Europeans used enslaved Africans to work. Triangular trade-3 stage pattern of Atlantic trade that carried goods and enslaved people between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Columbian Exchange Goods exchanged between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere Eastern-Wheat, Coffee, Sugar, Horses, Bananas, Pigs, Rice, Chickens Western-Corn, Pumpkins, potatoes, turkeys, beans, cacao, peanuts, tomatoes

16 The Age of Absolutism Kingdoms evolving to nation-states-a region that shares a government and is independent from other states. Monarchs believed god had chosen them to rule (divine right) They also believed in Absolutism-a political system of centralized and unlimited government power. Spain-King Phillip-A Catholic used his power to bring back the religion to Europe The Sun King-Louis the XIV of France- “Letat, c’est moi” –I am the state Prussia and Austria-Empress Maria Teresa, religious tolerant

17 An Age of Revolution Pages: 438-443Europe in Modern Times An Age of Revolution Pages:

18 A Scientific RevolutionA series of major advancements in science during the 1500s and 1600s. Scientific Changes Francis Bacon- scientists should observe and interpret facts. Rene Descartes- use logic or reason to form scientific theories Isaac Newton-test theories using scientific method Scientists Make Discoveries 1534-Copernicus argued that the planets orbit the sun, Galileo agrees 1633-The church put Galileo on trial for contradicting church teachings Newton’s theory of gravity Results of Discoveries Improved life, agricultural advances-better harvest, more food Could measure latitude and longitude Experiments with electricity

19 The Enlightenment-revolution in thinkingA movement during the 1600s and 1700s to apply observation and reason-Humans are the only animal with the ability to reason. Enlightenment philosophers wrote about society and government. Thomas Hobbs- Leviathan: If people were greedy and selfish, they needed a better ruler. John Locke- people were born with the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness Charles-Louis Montequieu- government should have separate branches. Jean-Jacques Rousseau- government should answer to the people.

20 Democratic Revolution-England Revolution-violent or sudden changeEngland in the 1600s English Parliament took power from the Monarchy 1642- King Charles I was forced to sign the Petition of Rights of Man Ended illegal taxation and imprisonment Civil war began in 1642 1649 Parliament forces executes the king and England becomes a republic 1689- English Bill of Rights and Man King William and Queen Mary forced to sign Limited the power of the monarchy, listed rights of Parliament and English people England’s Absolute monarchy(royalty ruling) ends

21 Democratic Revolution-FranceFrench society divided into the 1st (clergy-church), 2nd (noble), 3rd (common people)-paid the most taxes Enlightenment inspired people to want a say in the government July 14, 1789 mob stormed the Bastille (French prison) The French Revolution-Beginning of King Louis XVI and forming a republic- sent to the guillotine. Reign of Terror bloody time period where thousands were sent to the guillotine Napoleon Takes Power-rose quickly in French army 1799- became dictator Napoleonic Wars-conquered most of Europe-became Emperor 1815-invades Russia-Napoleon defeated-exiled Revolution Spreads-1871 Germany and Italy become countries

22 The Industrial Revolution- The shift from hand made tools to machinery powered by fuelsBegan in Britain Technology changes Industry Before IR, most people were farmers Textile industry in England the first to change with new weaving machines in factories Transportation changed-using coal and steam to power ships and trains Industry changes landscapes Factories and apartment buildings built, cities grow become dirty and crowded Child labor begins Trade grows Positive Effects Advances in medicine and research Sewers-dispose of waste, prevention of disease Electric power More jobs, goods made easier-prices drop Standard of living rose for millions

23 Wars and Hardship Pages: 444-449Europe in Modern Times Wars and Hardship Pages:

24 The Great War: World War 1 1914-19181st global conflict Causes- Nationalism-a total devotion to one’s country Imperialism-imperial powers competing to extend their territory Militarism-The building up of military power Alliances-agreeing to defend one another if attacked Triple Alliance-Germany, Austrian-Hungary, Italy Triple Entente-France, Great Britain, Russia (Allied Powers during the war)

25 War Breaks Out June 1914-Serbian nationalists kills the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. Austria Hungary declares war on Serbia-ally of Russia New style of fighting-Trench Warfare US enters the War in 1917-Was neutral from Secretly sending ammunition and other supplies to the Allied Powers Reasons why US enters WW1: 1. Zimmerman Telegram-Germany asks Mexico to enter the war in exchange for US land. 2. Sinking of the Lusitania-1200 civilians die when German submarine sinks the passenger ship off the coast of England. Secretly carrying Ammunition? On Chrome Book-Look up Trench foot-YUCK!!!!!

26 Zimmerman Telegram

27 Land returned to Mexico mentioned in Zimmerman telegram

28 Propaganda Poster Purpose-To get American support to enter WW1

29 Propaganda Poster GuidelinesPurpose-To convince Americans that entering WW1 is the right thing to do. Include: A slogan(a short phrase, 3-6 words) and Artwork (patriotic colors) Subject: The sinking of the Lusitania or the Zimmerman telegram Due Date: Tuesday, April 11 Google Propaganda Posters from WW1

30 Consequences of War/Allies are victoriousWar ended on November 11, 1918 with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles-peace treaty Germany must accept blame for the war. Must give up all territory, limit military, pay billions in war reparations (damages from the war) Many Germans lost their savings and homes Austria Hungary was divided into new nations Poland was shaped from parts of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia

31 Can one moment change history?Who is Henry Tandey?

32 The Great Depression- a deep, worldwide economic slump that lasted through the 1930sCauses: Treaty of Versailles Over speculation on stocks The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system High tariffs discouraged international trade Impact (effects): Large number of banks and businesses failed 1 out of 4 workers did not have jobs Farmers incomes fell. Large number of people were hungry and homeless New Deal Program Increased rights of the working man Helped farmers Environment improvement programs Social Security Federal work programs

33 Bell Ringer-In complete Sentences: 1. What is happening in the photo? 2. What can you learn about the Great Depression from the Photo? 3. How does this photo make you feel? **Title this photo

34 Bell Ringer: In complete sentences 1. What is happening in the photo? 2. What can you learn about the Great Depression from the photo? 3. How does this photo make you feel? **Title this photo

35 War of Ideas Communism (Russia turned Soviet Union)the government controls all businesses and farms Promises to share wealth with everyone Fascism(Italy and Spain) Stress military might and national strength Uses propaganda and violence Dictator-unlimited power Nazis Fascist group with extreme nationalism, racism and anti-Semitism(prejudice against Jews)-blamed for Germany’s economic problems Rise of Dictators Vladimir Lenin-Russia 1917 revolution- replaced by Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini-Italy 1920s Adolf Hitler-Germany 1930s-Chancellor 1933

36 World War II 1939-1945 Alliances form War BeginsGermany, Italy and Japan-the Axis Powers Britain and France-the Allies (U.S., Soviet Union joins later) War Begins Hitler built up a powerful German army, breaking the Treaty of Versailles 1938-Hitler occupies Austria, seizes a part of Czechoslovakia Germany and Soviet Union plan in secret a division of Poland September 1, 1939, Germany invades Poland, in response; France and Great Britain declare war on Germany

37 Europe at War-US enters WW2By the end 1940, Germany conquers most of Europe, defeats and occupies France Italy attacks north Africa German air force repeatedly attacks Great Britain (The Blitz), targets civilians-Great Britain does not surrender “Keep Calm and Carry On!” Unable to defeat GB, Germany turns to east and invades the Soviet Union December 7, 1941-Japanese attack Pearl Harbor-A Day that will live in infamy! US enters WW2 on December 8th 1941

38 The Holocaust-The mass murder of Jews by the Nazis during World War 21930s-rights of Jews were restricted 1935-Nuremburg Laws-limited rights of Jews 1938-Crystal Night-destruction of Jewish businesses and Synagogues Deportation to Ghettos-slums 1942-The Final Solution-Concentration Camps-extermination Auschwitz Camp in Poland eliminates over 1,000, 000 Jews Results of the Holocaust 6 million Jews murdered, 40% of European Jews 5 million other groups-races, disabled

39 End of and Effects of World War IIEnd of World War 2 1943-US and Great Britain take control of North Africa June 1944-D-Day-Allies land on beaches of Normandy France Spring 1945-Allies cross into German territory May 1945 VE Day-Germany surrenders, Hitler is never found August 1945-US drops 2 atomic bombs on Japan cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki-Japan surrenders Effects Deadliest conflict in the history of human kind. 17 million European soldiers killed, 60 million people in total United States and Soviet Union become superpowers United Nations is formed-peace keeping organization

40 Rebuilding and New Challenges Pages 452-459Europe in Modern Times Rebuilding and New Challenges Pages

41 The Cold War-Europe DividedThe Cold War A long period of hostility between the Soviet Union and the democratic west The Marshal Plan U.S. recovery plan that offered money to European countries to recover from the war The “Iron Curtain” separated the east and west in Europe Winston Churchill quote about the separation between East and West Soviet Union after WW 2 occupied most of Eastern Europe US and other democratic countries wanted to stop the spread of communism in Europe

42 Sectors of Germany and Berlin-draw and label in your composition book

43 Pictures of the Berlin Wall

44 The Berlin Wall Divided Soviet controlled East Europe from democratic western Europe. Split was where the western Allies met Soviet troops-dividing line at the center of Germany Soviets occupied East Germany, Allies west Germany Capital of Berlin, located in East Germany was also divided In 1961, to keep people from leaving East Berlin, the Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall.

45 Democracy spreads throughout EuropeCommunism falls- reasons 1 government makes decisions based on their wishes, not the people 2 people had no motivation to work because government limited their pay 3 shortage of food and other goods , Mikhail Gorbachev becomes new leader of Soviet Union Begins the road to democracy in the Soviet Union European Union-economic and political partnership to unify Europe-Euro- common currency Germany reunifies Berlin wall gates are open in 1989 1990, East and West Germany become one country Soviet Union Falls 1991, Soviet Union breaks apart creating 15 new countries, ending the Cold War