1 Sectionalism Changes in Economics Changes in SocietyEconomic development shaped settlement and trade patterns, helping to unify the nation while also encouraging the growth of different regions. New 2015 Standard 4.2.III Changes in Society
2 Regional SpecializationNortheast SOUTH WEST Industrial New Inventions New labor system Demographic Effect Cash Crops Raw materials for factories Labor system Myths The Nation’s “Breadbasket” MORE PEOPLE TO FEED, TRANSPORTATION Using factory goods (plow, reaper, etc) Feeding the rest Strong links to the NE
3 Northeast Land and PeopleTremendous growth of industry between Conditions of labor changing Steam power invented in the 1830s Impact?
4 Early “Union” NewsletterNortheast Land and People cities - more rapid growth from than any other period in history % population in cities % population in cities Problems Result (Cities unable to cope) D. INDUSTRIALIZING… February 20, 1845 issue. Early “Union” Newsletter
5 Midwest and Northwest Major crops: wheat, corn, cattle, hogs, sheepIncreasingly employs mechanized tools Northwestern cities grow to support the east (food processing) Between : Connective links between NE and NW are strengthened (mutually dependent)
6 The South King Cotton Myth of Planters Planter DefinedIn 1860 there were approximately 46,000 planters Owns more than 20 slaves/ acres Tended to be business focused (both men and women) Planter aristocrats owned more than 100 slaves (about 1700 in 1850) Still maintains a colonial economy
7 Economics of the South Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. Was 2014 standard 4.2.II.A. Now is 2015 standard 4.2.III.B North is more dependent on the South than the South on the North
8 Sectionalism Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity. Was 2014 standard 4.2.III.C. Now is 2015 standard 4.2.III.C
9 The Sectional Divide Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favoring different sections of the country. Tariff and Nullification Debates Was III.E. Now is 2015 Standard 4.2.III.D.
10 Tariff Policy from 1816 Tariffs: 1816-25% 1824-35% 1828-45%Tariff of 1828 Supported by Jackson? How is this politically smart? Playing politics? Jackson could claim he tried for tariffs in the North, and could claim he defeated them in the south, thus winning support across the country New Englanders swallow taxes and thus it passes
11 EATON AFFAIR Peggy (O’Neal) Eaton was the wife of Jackson’s secretary of war (John Eaton) who was the target of malicious gossip by other cabinet wives Jackson became her “champion” and stood up for her because of what happened to his late wife, Rachel….
12 VP Calhoun resigns and goes back to South Carolina.EATON AFFAIR Eaton When Jackson tried to force the cabinet wives to accept Eaton socially, most of the cabinet resigned. VP Calhoun resigns and goes back to South Carolina. Jackson creates the “kitchen cabinet” which were informal advisers, Jackson’s “good ole boys”.
13 JACKSON VS CALHOUN John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828 Tariff of Abomination Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights. Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered. Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void South Carolina Exposition---Compact theory Protection from the tyranny of the majority SC expects strong support, but it never happens Add in Eaton slide
14 Tariff of 1832 Sought to lower Tariff of AbominationsProposal to reduce tariff to 35% (1824 levels) South opposed (seems like a system for permanent tariffs) Tariff passes; SC nullifies it and will go into effect aced with a reduced market for goods and pressured by hungry British abolitionists, the British reduced their imports of cotton from the United States, which hurt the South. The tariff forced the South to buy manufactured goods from U.S. manufacturers, mainly in the North, at a higher price, while southern states also faced a reduced income from sales of raw materials.Current Vice-President John C. Calhoun strongly opposed the tariff, anonymously authoring a pamphlet in December 1828 titled: The South Carolina Exposition and Protest in which he urged nullification of the tariff within South Carolina. The South Carolina legislature, although it printed and distributed 5,000 copies of the pamphlet, took none of the legislative action that the pamphlet urged.The expectation of the tariff’s opponents was that with the election of Jackson in 1828, the tariff would be significantly reduced.[5][6][7] When the Jackson administration failed to address its concerns, the most radical faction in South Carolina began to advocate that the state itself declare the tariff null and void within South Carolina.In Washington, an open split on the issue occurred between Jackson and Vice-President Calhoun.[8][6][7] On July 14, 1832, after Calhoun had resigned his office, Jackson signed into law the Tariff of 1832 which made some reductions in tariff rates.The reductions were too little for South Carolina. In November 1832 the state called for a convention. By a vote of 136 to 26, the convention overwhelmingly adopted an ordinance of nullification drawn by Chancellor William Harper. It declared that the tariffs of both 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and unenforceable in South Carolina. While the Nullification Crisis would be resolved in early 1833, tariff policy would continue to be a national political issue between the Democratic Party and the newly emerged Whig Party for the next twenty years.[edit]
15 Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff JACKSON VS CALHOUN Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take military action in SC Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and disunion were treason Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff Jackson readies an army of 20,000
16 The Nullification CrisisJACKSON VS CALHOUN The Nullification Crisis Compromise of 1833 Henry Clay proposes a compromise Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years South Carolina dropped nullification South lost its dominance to North and West Jackson preserved the Union Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.
17 Nullification ConsideredBasis for Nullification Social compact theory of government Undivided sovereignty (state) This would allow states to alter the constitution while preserving the Union Failing this, states would have to secede Opponents of Nullification Everlasting perpetual union for all states New states created by the Nat’l Govt-not the states Common sense: Nat’l Gov’t is the supreme law of the land Where do states get authority to govern?