Significant Digits 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . . . Mr. Gabrielse.

1 Significant Digits Mr. Gabrielse 2 How Long is the Pencil? Mr. Gabrielse 3 ...
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1 Significant Digits Mr. Gabrielse

2 How Long is the Pencil? Mr. Gabrielse

3 Use a Ruler Mr. Gabrielse

4 Can’t See? Mr. Gabrielse

5 How Long is the Pencil? Look Closer

6 How Long is the Pencil? 5.8 cm or 5.9 cm ? 5.9 cm 5.8 cm

7 How Long is the Pencil? Between 5.8 cm & 5.9 cm 5.9 cm 5.8 cm

8 How Long is the Pencil? At least: 5.8 cm Not Quite: 5.9 cm 5.9 cm

9 Solution: Add a Doubtful DigitGuess an extra doubtful digit between 5.80 cm and 5.90 cm. Doubtful digits are always uncertain, never precise. The last digit in a measurement is always doubtful. 5.9 cm 5.8 cm

10 Pick a Number: 5. 80 cm, 5. 81 cm, 5. 82 cm, 5. 83 cm, 5. 84 cm, 5Pick a Number: 5.80 cm, cm, cm, 5.83 cm, 5.84 cm, 5.85 cm, 5.86 cm, 5.87 cm, 5.88 cm, 5.89 cm, 5.90 cm 5.9 cm 5.8 cm

11 Pick a Number: 5. 80 cm, 5. 81 cm, 5. 82 cm, 5. 83 cm, 5. 84 cm, 5Pick a Number: 5.80 cm, cm, cm, 5.83 cm, 5.84 cm, 5.85 cm, 5.86 cm, 5.87 cm, 5.88 cm, 5.89 cm, 5.90 cm 5.9 cm I pick 5.83 cm because I think the pencil is closer to 5.80 cm than 5.90 cm. 5.8 cm

12 I guessed at the 3 so the 7 is meaningless.Extra Digits 5.837 cm I guessed at the 3 so the 7 is meaningless. 5.9 cm 5.8 cm

13 Extra Digits 5.837 cm I guessed at the 3 so the 7 is meaningless.Digits after the doubtful digit are insignificant (meaningless). 5.9 cm 5.8 cm

14 Example Problem Example Problem: What is the average velocity of a student that walks 4.4 m in 3.3 s? d = 4.4 m t = 3.3 s v = d / t v = 4.4 m / 3.3 s = 1.3 m/s not m/s

15 Identifying Significant DigitsRule 1: Nonzero digits are always significant. Examples: 45 [2] 19, [8] .32 [2] [4]

16 Identifying Significant DigitsZeros make this interesting! FYI: ,340,056,100,0 Beginning Zeros Middle Zeros Ending Zeros Beginning, middle, and ending zeros are separated by nonzero digits.

17 Identifying Significant DigitsRule 2: Beginning zeros are never significant. Examples: 0.005,6 [2] 0.078,9 [3] 0.000,001 [1] 0.537,89 [5]

18 Identifying Significant DigitsRule 3: Middle zeros are always significant. Examples: [4] 59,012 [5] [5] 604 [3]

19 Identifying Significant DigitsRule 4: Ending zeros are only significant if there is a decimal point. Examples: 430 [2] [3] [3] [5]

20 Your Turn Counting Significant Digits Classwork: start it, Homework: finish it

21 Using Significant DigitsMeasure how fast the car travels.

22 Measure the distance: 10.21 mExample Measure the distance: m

23 Measure the distance: 10.21 mExample Measure the distance: m

24 Measure the distance: 10.21 mExample Measure the distance: m Measure the time: 1.07 s 0.00 s 1.07 s start stop

25 Measure the distance: 10.21 mspeed = distance time Physicists take data (measurements) and use equations to make predictions. Measure the distance: m Measure the time: 1.07 s

26 speed = distance = 10.21 m time 1.07 sPhysicists take data (measurements) and use equations to make predictions. Measure the distance: m Measure the time: 1.07 s Use a calculator to make a prediction.

27 Too many significant digits!speed = m = m s s Physicists take data (measurements) and use equations to make predictions. Too many significant digits! We need rules for doing math with significant digits.

28 Too many significant digits! speed = m = m s s Physicists take data (measurements) and use equations to make predictions. Too many significant digits! We need rules for doing math with significant digits.

29 Math with Significant DigitsThe result can never be more precise than the least precise measurement.

30 speed = m = 9.54 m s s we go over how to round next 1.07 s was the least precise measurement since it had the least number of significant digits The answer had to be rounded to so it wouldn’t have more significant digits than 1.07 s.

31 Round 345.0 to 2 significant digits.Rounding Off to X X: the new last significant digit Y: the digit after the new last significant digit If Y ≥ 5, increase X by 1 If Y < 5, leave X the same Example: Round to 2 significant digits.

32 Round 345.0 to 2 significant digits.Rounding Off to X X: the new last significant digit Y: the digit after the new last significant digit If Y ≥ 5, increase X by 1 If Y < 5, leave X the same Example: Round to 2 significant digits. X Y

33 Rounding Off to X X Y X: the new last significant digitY: the digit after the new last significant digit If Y ≥ 5, increase X by 1 If Y < 5, leave X the same Example: Round to 2 significant digits. 345.0  350 X Y Fill in till the decimal place with zeroes.

34 Multiplication & DivisionYou can never have more significant digits than any of your measurements.

35 Multiplication & Division(3.45 cm)(4.8 cm)(0.5421cm) = cm3 (3) (2) (4) = (?) Round the answer so it has the same number of significant digits as the least precise measurement.

36 Multiplication & Division(3.45 cm)(4.8 cm)(0.5421cm) = cm3 (3) (2) (4) = (2) Round the answer so it has the same number of significant digits as the least precise measurement.

37 Multiplication & Division(3.45 cm)(4.8 cm)(0.5421cm) = cm3 (3) (2) (4) = (2) Round the answer so it has the same number of significant digits as the least precise measurement.

38 Multiplication & Division(3) (?) (2) Round the answer so it has the same number of significant digits as the least precise measurement.

39 Multiplication & Division(3) (2) (2) Round the answer so it has the same number of significant digits as the least precise measurement.

40 Multiplication & Division(3) (2) (2) Round the answer so it has the same number of significant digits as the least precise measurement.

41 Addition & SubtractionExample: 13.05 309.2 Rule: You can never have more decimal places than any of your measurements.

42 Addition & SubtractionExample: 13.05 309.2 Rule: The answer’s doubtful digit is in the same decimal place as the measurement with the leftmost doubtful digit. leftmost doubtful digit in the problem Hint: Line up your decimal places.

43 Addition & SubtractionExample: 13.05 309.2 Rule: The answer’s doubtful digit is in the same decimal place as the measurement with the leftmost doubtful digit. Hint: Line up your decimal places.

44 Your Turn Classwork: Using Significant Digits