1 Singapore’s Approach to Energy Efficiency, Security & Climate ChangeMelissa Low, Nor Lastrina Hamid Research Associate, ESI; Co-Founder of Singapore Youth for Climate Action & 2016 NEA EcoFriend Award Recipient Korean Pavilion Event on “Sustainable Resource Management & Energy Security in Asia & Europe”, 15 November 2016

2 Facts about Singapore Urban city-state of just 719km²Tropical climate on equator Low-lying, gentle topography Highest point 164m Population: 5.54 million in 2015 Population density: 7,712 persons/km² GDP: S$402 billion in 2015 at current market prices Per capita GDP: S$72,711 in 2015 Contribution to global emissions: 46, gigagram CO2-equivalent, 0.11% of global emissions Per capita emissions: ~ tCO2/person in 2011 (Ranked 15th in by WRI CAIT 2.0) Carbon intensity: 0.17kg CO₂/2000S$ in 2007 (improved by 39% from ) Energy intensity: 65 tonnes of oil equivalent per S$m GDP (improved 15% between 1990 and 2005) (Source: National Environment Agency, Singapore in Figures 2015, Climate Action Plan 2016)

3 Unconditional pledge of 7 – 11% below 2020 BAU levels From , while the economy grew at annual rate of 5.7%, GHG emissions grew at only 2.1%. Singapore’s 2020 pledge Reduction of GHG emissions by 16% below Business-as-Usual (BAU) levels in 2020, contingent on a global legally binding agreement Unconditional pledge of 7 – 11% below 2020 BAU levels Singapore’s 2030 pledge Singapore intends to reduce its Emissions Intensity by 36% from 2005 levels Stabilize its emissions with the aim of peaking around 2030 (Source: National Climate Change Secretariat, Climate Action Plan 2016)

4 Singapore’s INDC PreparationTech roadmaps published in July 2014: CCS/U, Solar PV, Green Data Center, Building EE Industrial EE to be published at later date (Source: National Climate Change Secretariat, Singapore)

5 National Climate Change SecretariatClimate Change Policies – Institutional Structure Recent restructuring: Prime Minister’s Office Strategy Group Chaired by Head of Civil Service/Permanent Secretary Peter Ong Department/Divisions Economic Land & Liveability National Climate Change Secretariat National Population And Talent Division Security & Resilience Social Strategic Planning & Futures Technology & Data Coordinated support from higher levels of governance Source: National Climate Change Secretariat

6 International Climate Policy affecting Singapore’s Domestic Energy PolicyUNFCCC Decisions: Every 4 years National Communication which includes GHG inventory, mitigation and adaptation policies & measures Every 2 years Progress reporting through submission of Biennial Update Reports (BUR) and participation in International Consultation and Analysis (ICA) IPCC / Scientific Findings (adaptation) Self-funded studies on risk and vulnerabilities to climate change e.g. 2nd National Climate Change Study

7 Publications Goals by 2030 Intended Nationally Determined ContributionNC/Update Report (Dec 2014) National Climate Change Strategy 2012 Singapore Green Plan 2012 National Communications 2010, 2000 Sustainable Singapore Blueprint, 2009 Pre-2020 goals: 7-11% (15%) below BAU by 2020 25% improvement of carbon intensity by 2012 from 1990 levels 30% reduction of GHG emissions intensity compared to 2005 levels Stabilize its emissions with the aim of peaking 35% improvement in energy intensity by 2030 from 2005 levels Increase recycling to 70% Increase park provision of 0.8ha per 1,000 population and connectors to 360km

8 Mitigation Measures Across All Sectors of Economy(Source: National Climate Change Secretariat)

9 Improving Energy & Carbon Efficiency (1)A 2014 study on industrial energy efficiency noted significant energy efficiency opportunities in petroleum, petrochemical, semiconductor sub-sectors To increase EE, National Environment Agency and Economic Development Board will: Review Energy Conservation Act (2013) regularly Review schemes & incentives for capability development & financing such as: Singapore Certified Energy Manager (SCEM) Energy Efficiency National Partnership (EENP) Programme EE Financing Pilot Programme *NEW* Resource Efficient Design co-financing Adopt cleaner fuels (natural gas) in industry e.g. in process heating Lead in Building Rating System for the Tropics: Green Mark Scheme, 3rd Green Building Masterplan, Energy Efficient Data Centres Public Sector Taking the Lead in Environmental Sustainability (PSTLES) Guaranteed Energy Savings Performance (GESP) Contracts Accelerated Depreciation Allowance Scheme (ADAS Investment Allowance (IA) Energy Audits Retrofit Projects

10 Key Energy Legislation in SingaporeEnergy Conservation Act (Act 11 of 2012) (2013) & Regulations Soon to be enhanced with further requirements such as: ISO certification (Energy Management System) or certification to any similar internationally recognised EnMS standard; and regular identification of energy efficiency opportunities through energy efficiency opportunities assessments (EEOAs); Energy Efficient Facility Design & MEPS for industrial equipment & systems Currently, key milestones for companies that consumer 54TJ or more energy annually are: Registration with NEA Within 6 months after the date on which the company qualifies as a registrable corporation (e.g. A company that qualifies as a registrable corporation on 31 December 2013 is required to be registered by 30 June 2014.) Appoint Energy Manager (EM) Within 30 days of being registered Appoint EM who holds a Singapore Certified Energy Manager (Professional level) certificate By 1 April 2014 Submit energy use report and energy efficiency improvement plan By 30 June annually (Source: National Environment Agency)

11 Improving Energy & Carbon Efficiency (2)Encouraging Use of Public Transport Aim to increase use of public transport (of overall transport) during morning peak traffic to 66% by 2015, 75% by 2030, 85% by 2050 Rail network to increase – Downtown Line 2 Bus Service Enhancement Programme to increase bus fleet by 1,000 or 25% by 2017 Car-Free (Tengeh), Car-Lite (last Sunday of the month in city) Encouraging Active Mobility Park Connector Network to be increased Bicycle sharing in Jurong Lake District, Ang Mo Kio “bicycle town” Limiting Emissions from Private Transport Emission standards for road vehicles have been tightened progressively e.g. Fuel Economy Labelling Scheme (FELS) Carbon Emissions-based Vehicle Scheme Electric Vehicles (EV) Pilot Programme (Phase 2) Phase 1: 89 EVs deployed between Phase 2: Car-sharing pilot programme introducing 1,000 EVs & island-wide charging infrastructure of up to 2,000 charging kiosks to support EV proliferation

12 Improving Energy & Carbon Efficiency (3)Raising Energy Performance Standards for Household Applicances Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) for air- cons, refrigerators, clothes dryers, lamps Air-cons MEPS raised in 2013, to be raised again in Sept 2016 Promoting & Increasing Awareness about Energy Efficient Appliances Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme (MELS) for refrigerators, air-cons, clothes dryers, televisions and lamps. More appliances will be considered in future. MELS has improved average EE of air-cons and refrigerators by approx. 13% and 26% respectively. “Save Energy Save Money” Campaign, 10% Energy Challenge etc. Smart Homes/Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) Recycling & Waste Management (Source: Climate Action Plan 2016, National Environment Agency, Energy Efficiency Singapore)

13 Reducing Carbon Emissions in Power GenerationMelissa Low, ESI Reducing Carbon Emissions in Power Generation Singapore plans to raise adoption of solar power to 350MWp by 2020, representing about 5% peak electricity demand through R&DD SOLARNOVA program led by Economic Development Board and Housing Development Board promotes and aggregates solar demand across government agencies to build and support solar ecosystem in Singapore Solar leasing tenders of 30-50MW are called by HDB approximately every 9-12 months on behalf of government agencies Floating solar PV test-bed on Tengeh Reservoir can generate up to 3.3GWh per annum (equivalent to average electricity consumption of 750 HDB households) but costs $11 million to test for reservoir evaporation, impacts on biodiversity and water quality Off-site Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) Apple (agreement with Sunseap) to power its Singapore operations with 100% renewable energy generated from solar panels installed on over 800 buildings in Singapore, including some of its own facilities Waste-to-Energy to reduce dependence on fossils, reduce carbon emissions Incineration generates 3% of Singapore’s total electricity demand New Tuas WTE plant to incinerate 3,600 tons of waste/day and generate 120MW

14 (Source: National Climate Change Secretariat)Melissa Low, ESI New Publications Mitigation: Climate Action Plan: Take Action Today, for a Sustainable Future Adaptation A Climate-Resilient Singapore, for a Sustainable Future (Source: National Climate Change Secretariat)

15 Source: Second National Climate Change Study, National Climate Change Secretariat website, Ministry of Environment and Water Resources

16 Adapting to Climate Change in SingaporeTemp increase from 26.8°C in 1948 to 27.6°C in 2011 Daily rainfall totals have also risen from 2192mm in 1980 to 2727mm in 2014 Mean sea level has shown an annual increase of 3 mm per year over the last 15 years The Resilience Working Group (RWG) under the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) is currently studying measures that will address our physical vulnerabilities to climate change. These will include an evaluation of the Phase 2 Climate Change Study and the Building and Construction Authority's (BCA) Risk Map Study. Updates from these studies will be reviewed by RWG so that they can be incorporated into Singapore's long-term adaptation plans.

17 Adaptation Headlines ST, 19 Jan Nicoll Drive being raised to stave off rising seas PUB, 27 Jan PUB studies ways to better protect coastal reservoirs against future sea level rise Key Adaptation Issues for Singapore Sea level rise Water Resources Biodiversity, Greenery Public Health Urban Heat Island Effect Food Security

18 Source: National Climate Change Secretariat, Public Utilities BoardMelissa Low, ESI Adaptation Policies In 2011, Government raised minimum level of newly reclaimed land by an additional 1m, to 2.25m above highest recorded tide levels. This means that newly reclaimed land will provide a buffer that will withstand more than the projected 18-inches (46cm) rise in sea levels in the next 100 years. In 2013, Changes to the Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage doubled the minimum platform levels from 30cm above the highest recorded flood level to 60cm for general developments and residential developments with basements. Special underground facilities and basements of commercial and multi-unit residential developments will also need to have a minimum crest level of 30cm above the minimum platform level, compared to the previous level of at least 15cm. Several drainage improvement projects are also under way or scheduled at 139 locations in 2015, with 58 already completed since 2011 and 17 more scheduled for Inland flooding is largely being addressed through infrastructural upgrades and the use of water level sensors, adding or widening of existing canals to divert excess water from increased rainfall and the use of underground detention. Source: National Climate Change Secretariat, Public Utilities Board

19 Further Reading Decision 1/CP.21 and the Paris Agreement: FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 Legal Analysis: Daniel Bodansky, Legal Options for U.S. Acceptance of a New Climate Agreement, May 2015 Paris as a Success: David Victor, Why Paris Worked: A Different Approach to Climate Diplomacy, Yale Environment360, Dec. 15, 2015 Paris as a Failure: George Monbiot, Grand promises of Paris climate deal undermined by squalid retrenchments, The Guardian, Dec. 12, 2015 Paris as just the beginning: Durwood Zaelke, Climate Agreement in Paris: Champagne Tonight, Hard Work, Fast Mitigation Tomorrow, Huffington Post Blog, Dec. 13, 2015 Implications for Singapore: Gautam Jindal, Melissa Low, Ho Juay Choy, What the Paris Climate Deal Could Mean for Singapore in 2030, Business Times, 27 January 2016

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