1 SOLUTIONS Lesson 1 Bozman video on solutions 0:00 - 5:02

2 Our World of Water-Living Things Depend on WaterWater is an essential part of every living thing. Plants use water in deriving some of their nutrients from minerals in the soil. These minerals have to be dissolved in water in order to be absorbed by the plants. This is why a desert can be mineral-rich, yet support very little plant life except during brief rainy periods.

3 Water is taken into the body by eating plants and meats and by drinking beverages.Humans can go for a month without eating but will die in 3 to 5 days without water because our bodies are made up of about 70 percent water. (That is about 15 gallons for an adult.) The body uses water in maintaining its temperature, breathing, digesting food, and lubricating moving joints.

4 Since water is so important for all living things, you can understand the concern over pollution of any kind. When we refer to pollution we mean the addition of harmful substances that make an undesirable change in the physical state of clean water.

5 Polluted water cannot safely be used by living things because dissolved substances or water-borne disease organisms may interfere with cell chemistry, causing sickness or death. Poor water management encourages pollution. Text from 1970 Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments 1977 Clean Water Act of 1977 Flint Begins The Long Process Of Fixing Its Water Problem 02/01/16 (8:00 min) Flint Needs Long-Term Solutions To Unsafe Water, State Official Says 01/28/16 (4:15 min)

6 Solutions Mixture - two or more elements or substancesphysically combined Miscible – capable of mixing or blending (sugar and water) Immiscible – incapable of mixing or blending (oil and water)

7 Solutions Heterogeneous Mixture- can see different parts or components (chocolate chip cookie, salad dressing)

8 Solutions A Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are large enough to see and will settle out slowly upon standing. ex: mixture of - flour and water, or - cornstarch and water

9 Solutions A Colloid is a heterogeneous mixture in which the particles are smaller than those in suspensions and larger than those in solutions. ex: whipped cream, mayonnaise, fog, dust in air

10 Solutions Homogeneous Mixture - all looks the same (Kool-Aid, air)A Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in a single physical state. 03/02 - 7th/8th

11 Solutions Solid solution - sterling silver (silver & copper)- brass (copper & zinc) - stainless steel (iron & chromium) Liquid solutions - Vinegar, Antifreeze Aqueous solutions - (water is the solvent) Kool-Aid Gaseous solutions - air (N2 O2 Ar CO2 H2 Ne He)

12 Solutions Properties - solutions are made of small particles, evenly distributed, that do not separate when kept at constant conditions. (temperature, pressure)

13 Solutions Solute - the substance that is dissolvedSalt (NaCl) in a salt water solution Solvent - the substance that does the dissolving Water (H2O) in a salt water solution What Happens when Stuff Dissolves? 0:16

14 Solute - the substance that is dissolvedSalt (NaCl) in a salt water solution Solvent - the substance that does the dissolving Water (H2O) in a salt water solution Remember when water is the solvent in a solution it is called an aqueous solution (aq) 03/03 - 5th/6th

15 Solutions Solubility – the amount of solute that willSoluble - substance dissolves in another substance Insoluble - substance does not dissolve in another substance Solubility – the amount of solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions.

16 Solubility – the amount of solute thatSolutions Soluble - substance dissolves in another substance Insoluble - substance does not dissolve in another substance Solubility – the amount of solute that will dissolve in a specific solvent under given conditions.

17 Solutions Concentration - the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution. Concentration can be calculated and measured using different units: (see Table T) Reference Tables for Physics Setting/Chemistry 2011 Ed. Bozman video Molarity problems 5: :43

18 Solutions liters of solutionMolarity - the moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution Molarity (M) = moles of solute liters of solution Practice molarity problems. PHET Simulation

19 Solutions Did You Know... When we throw something away, wash it down the drain, or burn it, the elements present in the substance may become rearranged to form new substances, but the elements are still there. It is important for us to know not only what chemicals we are putting into the environment but also how much.

20 Solutions It is now possible for scientists to measure the amount of contaminants present in air or water samples in terms of parts per thousand (ppt), parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), parts per trillion, and even smaller amounts. These concentrations are very small, but they are important. The smallest amount that can be detected is the detection limit.

21 Solutions During the past 50 years, the detection limit has become very small; in some cases, special instruments can detect just a few molecules.

22 Solutions Many organic substances can biodegrade by bacterial action into water and carbon dioxide. Scientists often refer to these bacteria as "bugs." These bugs need nutrients to live, but excess nutrients containing nitrogen and phosphorous may be discharged to a receiving body of water.

23 Solutions These nutrients promote algae and plant growth, which can affect the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) available for fish as well as the amount of light reaching lower depths in the water. Most fish need at least 4 ppm of dissolved oxygen to survive, and some species such as bass and trout need much more.

24 Concentration – Parts Per Million (PPM)What is a part per million ?

25 Solutions A part per million is equal to: one penny in $10,000one minute in two years one dime in a one-mile-high stack of pennies

26 Solutions Parts Per Million – grams of solute dissolved per gram of solution parts per million (ppm) = grams of solute x 1,000, grams of solution

27 Concentration – Parts Per Million (PPM)This is another way of determining concentration. This is used for very small concentrations of particles in solutions. Think about this;  1ppm = 1 inch in 16 miles This is really just a plug and chug problem. What is the concentration of a solution, in parts per million, if 0.02 gram of NaCl is dissolved in grams of solution? 0.02g x 1,000,000 = 20 ppm 1000.g

28 In June 2007, New York State threw this curveballIn June 2007, New York State threw this curveball. Most students lost 1 of the 2 points on this one. #66. An aqueous solution has gram of oxygen dissolved in grams of water. In the space in your answer booklet, calculate the dissolved oxygen concentration of this solution in parts per million. Your response must include both a correct numerical setup and the calculated result. [2] Answer- Note this question reads "grams of water", and not “grams of solution”. The equations reads “grams of solution”. So, you had to add the amount of solute to the amount of solvent to get the gram amount of the solution to put in the denominator. Even though mathematically it didn't change a thing, because the solute amount is so small. In this question/problem it is technically wrong not to add the solute and solvents together to determine the mass of solution. 0.0070g x 1,000,000 = 7.0 ppm 000.g g YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED

29 Solutions A part per billion is equal to: one penny in $10,000,000one pinch of salt in 10 tons of potato chips one second in 32 years

30 Solutions A part per quadrillion is equal to:one penny in $10,000,000,000,000 one second in 320,000 centuries