1 Some Notes to Implementation Strategy of Resilient city Between Guiding The Urbanization and Anticipating The Globalization by Jo Santoso Urban Laboratory at Tarumanagara University Jakarta Presented in Resilience Talk April 21, 2017 ACCCRN: Venue Pacific Place, Jakarta, Indonesia some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

2 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Introduction 1 Understanding the concept of city as local-specific Phanomenon Understanding the dynamic of Urban Development: The Resilient City and the need of its local-specific Implementation some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

3 Introduction 2: Understanding city as a local-specific entityThe Human habitat as an Artificial Environment The role of human habitat is to organize the material exchange between man and nature, with the goal to neutralize the extreme temper of the nature and to provide human being an appropriate living environment. City as social-political Institution The city become a place human co-existence framed by urban institutions, developed base on the consensus between the stakeholder. The city becomes center of civilization (economy, science & technology, etc). some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

4 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017City as Human Habitat - To integrate part of the (2.) nature to living environment and to exclude the “wild” (1.) nature outside The City is a socio-ecological entity 2. Nature Man some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

5 City as Social-political InstitutionCity was built as Manifestation Of Social Commitment: Peoples are organized in communities, every one of them has their own interest. Consensus between the social groups will be institutionalized by social contract. Humanisme born in the city: Semua orang mempunyai kewajiban sebagai warga dan hak yang sama yaitu hidup secara bermartabat. Martabat Manusia tidak boleh disentuh. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

6 The City as a Product of CivilizationEvery Civilization Is In Fact An Urban Civilization The City as a Product of Civilization CITY CITIZEN CIVIC some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

7 Introduction 2: Understanding the dynamic of the urban developmentUnderstanding the drivers of the urban development Understanding the specific characters of Urban Challenges some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

8 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017The Characters of Urban Challenges Urbanization, Globalization and Climate Change 1. The Urbanization Started about year BC with the basic idea to secure the existence of human being and to upgrade the quality of life. The city become a place of human coexistence and later become the dynamic center of urban civilization With the formation of nation-state, the city is not the only institution, which is responsible to anticipate the urbanization. In term of politics urbanization belong to a public domain: the national system of cities. In fact: the impacts of the urbanization in many cases are spread out crossing the border of nation-states. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

9 The expansion of Urban coverage area worldwideKeynote Speaker Mark Swilling underlines that “in the new developed countries and in what we call as global south in the next 30 years the urban area will increase from to Sqkm. Even if we have the technology and the financial resources, we will have problems to get the materials we need”, to construct the Sqkm within 30 years. The other challenge is surely how to organize the provision and the distribution of the resources to those peoples who are needed to build their houses, and to develop the urban infrastructure and the urban services exactly to those places where there are needed. For the time being the global south has not the organizational capabilities to meet those needs. Can Smart and Green City help the global south in this regard? some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

10 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Urbanization One of the most difficult urban challenge of the cities in Indonesia is to accommodate the rapid urbanization. To anticipate the rapid urbanization the cities need to increase the urban- land coverage area from Sqkm (in 2010) to Sqkm (in 2050). Year Urban Population of Indonesia ,7 jt jt jt ,7jt Growth of Income/Gnp % % % % Urban Land coverage(sqkm) Increasing based on Pop. (sqkm) Increasing base on GNP (sqkm) Total Urban Land Covery (sqkm) Source: Urban Laboratory Taumanagara some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

11 The Urbanization in IndonesiaUrban population double in years, the challenges are How to extend Urban Land Covery (in sqkm) from (in 2010) to (in 2025) and to (in 2050) How can we mobilize the materials we need included urban land? How the additional population should be distributed through out the country. How big is the amount of investment on housing? How big is the amount of social investment in form of infrastructure, energy and social services? How to secure the quality of living environment? some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

12 The urban challenges regarding the urbanizationHow can we distribute the materials to them who needed, where? The government investment could not meet the need; infrastructure and social investment The role of private sectors The role of community and citizen some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

13 Anticipating the urbanizationEquitable distribution of materials, especially urban land and water Providing the urban population with minimal urban services and infrastructure. Establish Independence (National) Housing Finance institution Developing Inclusive Housing Delivery System for the whole city -monitoring housing stock (production, destruction, quality/lifetime) Monitoring housing affordability (housing price to income/take home pay Inclusive Urban development : Housing as part of the urban development plan Extend the lifecycle of housing : construction, management and support by innovative building technology some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

14 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Urbanization Preliminary Results The challenges of urbanization cannot be anticipated only by Good Governance with or without support from private sectors. The need to build equal partnership between government, private sector and urban communities. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

15 The Globalization of CitiesThe inhabitants are losing the control on what happen in their city. 1.The more a city integrated to the global market, the stronger is the dominant of the private sector and 2. The penetration of “global culture”has change the existing value system and the existing local-characteristic of a city ECONOMIC SOCIO-CULTURAL 3. The new value system is disconnecting the city from its hinterland and destroyed the socio-ecological entity between the two. Global System City some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

16 Impacts of GlobalizationThe inhabitants are losing the control on what happen in their city. 1.The more a city integrated to the global market, the stronger is the dominant of the private sector and 2. The penetration of “global culture”has change the existing value system and the existing local-characteristic of a city some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

17 The globalization as driver of the transformation of cityAs a world-wide Phanomenon Connection between civilization started with the see-cruise expedition continue with the expansion of trading relation. Globalization is driven by the expansionistic trend of multinational corporation supported by the rapid development of hightechnology. The economic strength becomes the tools of developed countries to dominate the rest of the world. The developed Countries has set up an association so called “International Community” some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

18 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017The Globalization of City: The Spatial Fix in case of Metropolitan of Jakarta Developing Industrial Estate Developing Business District Appartmen and housing estate Hotels and Shopping Centers Entertaintment/Leisures Supported by appropriate Infrastructure and Communication some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

19 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Industrial Estates as Locations for factories of the Multinationalen Konzernen some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

20 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017The real estate business became an important driver for the city’s economic growth. Strategic housing areas of the inner city were acquired by land speculators and later on reassambled into bigger lots. On these strategic locations the big developer coming up with large scale mixed-use superblocks with maximum building intensity consisting of all kinds of commer cial functions including office, appartment, hotel, entertaintment center, even hospital. Die Central Business District Thamrin – Sudirman Boulevard: Als Standorte der Multinational Corporation some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

21 High – end Luxiorious AppartmentLuxurioes Wohnen Entsprechende Wohnkondition wird geschaffen

22 Hotels and luxurious shopping centerssome notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

23 The Growth and Consuming City EraLa Piazza Mall

24 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Understanding City Urban Challenges Solution/Agenda City as human habitat – City as artificial built environment Acnticipating Urbanization Urban Sprawl, Environmental deterioration Impacts of Climate change Providing appropriate living environment Quality of built environ ment / Green City City as social Institution, a place human co-existence  Social Gap/ Urban Poverty, Job opportunity Distribution of resources; land/water,etc, City as center of civilization Development of Social institutions, Social Capital Good Governance, Peoples participation, Partnership  City as Growth Center competitiveness against other cities, creativity, Investment, Corporate Governance, Infrastructure City as driver of Globalization Global Agenda dominated by global economic player Coexistence between city some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

25 Urban Challenge 1: The Relation city to its hinterlandThe Pressure of Urbanization on City has the impacts that the city is trying to exploite its hinterland and the area beyond, i.e. through urban sprawl and Expansion its ecological footprints. The other reason of the destroying the hinterland is because the less competitive cities does not have the appropriate technology and the cost to neutralize the environment impacts. Solution: Reconstrcution the socio-ecological System between City and the hinterland The city as a place of human co-existence should be embedded back to its existing socio-ecological system. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

26 Urban Challenge 2: Economic Growth produce Social Gap/Urban PovertyTransformation of the inner-structure of the city produce Social Gap and Urban Poverty. Basically there are at least two different positions on this topic: The first position insist that the cities muss have a high economic growth to be able to end the poverty and to free the city from slums. The city and national government are playing a important role to overcome the urban poverty. A strong clean government is needed to be able to distribute the urban resources in more equitable ways and upgrade the cities as provider of social services. To be able to do all that the city need more or less a strong regime. The second position understand that the urban poverty is the result of an unbalance structure of power, and as long as all the important resources are utilize to create (economic) growth, i.e. capital, high quality human resource and knowledge & technology are in the hand of few superior countries, than urban development will deepening the social gap and will continue to reproduce additional urban poor. Example: the development of industrial estates are creating poor housing in the villages around the estates. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

27 Urban Challenge 3: Overcoming Urban Poverty by Good GovernanceThe second position says that the dimension of urban property is that big so that no city even if their governments are clean and willing to give their best efforts, they will not able to make the slums disappear from their cities. Because they simply does not have the required resources, and they don’t have the economic and political power to mobilize the resources they need. The key to city without slum is in the hand of the peoples itself. These human capitals can be elaborate if the people organized in communities have the right to self-determination, because only these peoples are able to develop appropriate solution in regards to their specific situation. The role of the city government is mainly to enabling the peoples and to facilitate them to come to their right. In short, if they can self-define what kind of urban way of life they want to develop they will provide themselves with the local-specific knowledge to develop an urban system which enabling them to fight the poverty and to have a better life. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

28 Transformation of the inner City: The (Re) Distribution of Urban Landsome notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

29 Urban Challenge 4: Contradicting Urban Development AgendasThere are two different kinds of urban challenges should be anticipate by every city, the process of globalization and the process of urbanization. The overall constraints which has to overcome by each city is the fact, that the two processes happen in the same time but does not have the same goals and agendas. To anticipate the urbanization the city should be developed as livable human habitat. The main agendas are to develop the city as a place of human co-existence base on the existing socio-ecological condition. On the other side the superior driver of globalization has the main goal to transform the structure of the existing city and to integrate it as part of the global free-market. The main agendas are to overcome the barriers of the penetration of the global economy and to secure its sustainable economic growth. Such conceptions like smart and green cities, smart urban greeneries, infrastructure & mobility, social integration and inclusiveness, are the tools to achieve the agendas. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

30 The primary goal of developing human habitat is to keep the socio-ecological balance between city and its hinterland. The economic growth oriented urban development has the goal to improve the competitiveness of the city in global context, which is something without any limitation as long as there is stronger more competitive city to be overcome. In this way the city will increase its ecological footprint to what E.Soja named as hidden hinterland. In his famous lecture award of UN-Habitat in 2006, John Friedmann made the suggestion that the urban development should no more directed from economic-growth oriented concept but should be oriented on the growth of what he call “the wealth of cities” (Friedmann, J., The Wealth of Cities: Towards an assets-based development of newly urbanizing regions).

31 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Urban Challenge 5: The participation of the Citizen versus The dominant role of private corporation Another contradicting agendas are between the peoples participation and the dominant role of the private corporation in urban development. For example “Smart city” has the aim to enhance quality and performance of urban services, i.e. in engaging more effectively and actively its citizens in particular the private sector. The positive reaction of the “non-profit” private sectors i.e. in Indonesia is huge, motivated by the need to have a better quality of urban services. Examples in Education sector and Health care have shown that the involvement of the private sectors has on one side successfully increase the number of schools and hospitals but in the same time has created 2 classes of society. To the first class belong inhabitants who can effort to send their children to private school or to go to private hospital to get a better health services. To the second class belongs the majority of the population, who have to send their children to government school and to second class hospitals to get the health services. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

32 Urban Challenge 6: The limit of Good GovernanceOther contradiction is between hope and reality in ’Good Governance’. So much hope in the change from corrupt to clean government but in the reality even a clean government in many cases cannot do anything because some strategic decisions already taken before and the restructuring process of the city i.e. in the dominant role of private sector, could not be reversed. Some upgrading programs were already implemented with the result that the area became attractive for the private developer and after that a process of gentrification was taking place and the original population was marginalized. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

33 Regarding Implementation of The concept of Resilient CityApplication of the concept of resilient city in context of globalization: City as socio-ecological entity: to embed the city back to the region. City as political-economic system: Building synergy with other cities in the same country or in the same region to strengthen the local-based economic development. City as socio-political institution: Urban community can act as equal partner if they have the right to self-determine and together with other the stakeholders of the city to decide what happen with the future of the city. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

34 City as an Urban Metabolism (1)Mobilization and distribution of resources (land, water, qualified human ressources, infrastructure). Distribution of works and spaces. Distribution of the social benefits (education, health, etc.). Distribution of the burdens, waste and impacts Disaster management (dimasa gagal panen) some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

35 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Urban Metabolism PRODUK Urban Metabolism SUMBER DAYA LIMBAH some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

36 What happen if the cities are failed?The concept of Resilient City is concentrating its efforts to prepare the cities to anticipate the urban Challenges. How about those cities which cannot anticipate the challenges? What happen if the cities are overcrowded by new coming migrants, simply because the have to move in to the city to find a better life? What happen with those cities, which are losing the competition between cities and left behind by the investors and by their best human resources? What happen with the cities which cannot adapt the impacts of the climate change. some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

37 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Closing Remarks City is older than nation, much older because in fact city was borned in the same time with the civilization: all civilization is the urban civilization (Soja). The urban way of life, the value system was developed by the inhabitants to create city as a place of human coexistence with the common goal to achieve a better life. Today we are facing the end of the concept city as a human habitat, because in the global city the inhabitants are actually only object of the restructuring process. The city was “hijacked” form its inhabitants and now became an object of expanding global market. The agenda of the global market economy is in many cases contrary with the interest of the inhabitants. Some of peoples believe that peoples participation (participative democracy not representative democracy) is the key to overcome this dilemma. Can we embrace the globalization and in the same time develop the intrinsic characters of each city. Can we apply the universal technology and in the same time actualizing the local knowledge? Can we develop a city with the goals? If we can then we will have a resilient city some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017

38 some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017Thankyou Comments to some notes to Implementation strategy of resilient city April 21, 2017