1 Splash Screen

2 Section 1: Miners and Ranchers Section 2: Farming the Plains Chapter Introduction Section 1: Miners and Ranchers Section 2: Farming the Plains Section 3: Native Americans Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3 Why Did Settlers Move West?After the Civil War, many American settlers continued migrating to the western frontier. The lives of western miners, farmers, and ranchers were filled with hardships. Why do you think settlers continued migrating west when life on the Great Plains was so difficult? When the frontier closed what effect do you think this had on American society? Chapter Intro

4 Chapter Timeline

5 Chapter Timeline

6 Miners and Ranchers What economic opportunities did miners and ranchers seek? Chapter Intro 1

7 Farming the Plains What difficulties might farmers have faced as they worked the new land? Chapter Intro 2

8 Native Americans Why did conflicts arise between Native Americans and the settlers? Chapter Intro 3

9 Chapter Preview-End

10 Big Ideas Geography and History Miners and ranchers settled large areas of the West. Section 1-Main Idea

11 Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary vigilance committeehydraulic mining open range long drive hacienda barrios Academic Vocabulary extract adapt prior Section 1-Key Terms

12 People and Events to IdentifyHenry Comstock boomtown Section 1-Key Terms

13 Section 1-Polling QuestionDo you feel that people have a right to take land from others? A. Yes B. No A B Section 1-Polling Question

14 Growth of the Mining IndustryThe discovery of gold, silver, and other minerals attracted thousands of settlers who established new states on the frontier. Section 1

15 Growth of the Mining Industry (contGrowth of the Mining Industry (cont.) How did mining play an important role in the settling of the West? -Beginning with the California gold rush, miners pour into the West looking for gold, silver, and other minerals. As a result, the United States changed from a farming nation to mainly an industrial nation. -It encouraged the building of railroads to connect the mines to factories back east. H

16 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)In 1859 a prospector named Henry Comstock staked a claim in Six-Mile Canyon, Nevada. He didn’t find gold and sold his claim; however, the land was full of pure silver ore which became known as the Comstock Lode. Note: Comstock did not realize that the sticky, blue -gray clay that made mining difficult was in fact nearly pure silver ore. The Comstock Lode attracted so many prospectors that Nevada was admitted as the 36th state. It generated $230 million and helped the Union finance the Civil War. Section 1

17 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)Strikes like the Comstock Lode created cities overnight, also referred to as boomtowns. Law and order was enforced by vigilance committees. Note: Vigilance committees formed because these cites were established virtually overnight Boomtowns were quickly growing towns. Note: Boomtowns were rowdy places. Prospectors fought over claims, and thieves haunted the streets and trails. Section 1

18 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)Creed, Colorado Deadwood, South Dakota

19 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)Note: In some cases, the vigilance committees punished the innocent and let the guilty go free, but most people respected the law and tried to deal firmly but fairly with the accused. Women worked in laundries and as cooks. They also worked at “hurdy-gurdy” houses where they waited on tables and danced with men for the price of a drink. Some became property owners and community leaders. Once the mines that supported the boomtowns were used up (“they went bust”), the population dwindled, or it would become a “ghost-town.”

20 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)Bodie, California Placer Mining

21 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)Mining also spurred the development of Colorado, Arizona, the Dakotas, and Montana. Some famous mining areas: Pikes Peak (Colorado) Leadville (Colorado) One of the most legendary boomtowns developed here because of deep deposits of minerals. The Black Hills (South Dakota) Tombstone (Arizona) Mining Helps Build a Nation, 1848–1890 Section 1

22 Growth of the Mining Industry (contGrowth of the Mining Industry (cont.) -Silver was found in Tombstone in The boom lasted less than 10 years. -This town became famous for its lawlessness. Marshal Wyatt Earp and his brothers gained their reputation during the famous gunfight at the O.K. Corral there in Miners used many different methods to extract minerals from the rugged mountains of the American West: -

23 Growth of the Mining Industry (cont.)placer mining (extracting shallow deposits of ore, used picks, shovels, and pans) sluice mining (used to search riverbeds more quickly, diverted the current of river into a trench, used box with metal “rifle” bars that caused minerals to settle at bottom.) hydraulic mining (declared a “public and private nuisance”) quartz mining (underground mining) Section 1

24 Which type of mining had the most devastating effect on the local environment?A. Placer mining B. Sluice mining C. Hydraulic mining D. Quartz mining A B C D Section 1

25 Ranching and Cattle DrivesRanchers built vast cattle ranches on the Great Plains and shipped their cattle on railroads to eastern markets. Section 1

26 Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.)While many Americans headed to the Rocky Mountains to mine gold and silver, others began herding cattle on the Great Plains. Many thought it was impossible here to raise cattle because water was scarce and cattle could not survive on the tough prairie. (1).Texas longhorn had adapted to the harsh conditions of the Great Plains. (2). Cattle ranching also prospered on the Plains because of the open range. Cattle Ranching and the Long Drive, c. 1870 Section 1

27 Ranching and Cattle Drives (contRanching and Cattle Drives (cont.) Texas Longhorns: Note: They were descended from Spanish cattle. These cattle had been allowed to run wild, slowly, a new breed – the longhorn – had emerged. Note: By 1865, some 5 million roamed the Texas grasslands.

28 Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont. ) -(1)Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.) -(1). Prior to the Civil War, ranchers had little incentive to round up the longhorns. Beef prices were low, and moving cattle to eastern markets was not practical. -(2). The Civil War and the coming of the railroads changed this situation.

29 Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.)After the Civil War, beef prices soared and ranchers looked for a way to round up the longhorns and sell them to eastern businesses. By the 1860’s, railroads had reached the Great Plains. (Abilene and Dodge City, Kansas and Sedalia, Missouri) Note: If they could move the cattle as far as the railroad, the longhorns could be sold for a huge profit and shipped east to market. Many long drive trials soon opened. Section 1

30 Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont. ) -(1)Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.) -(1). In 1866 ranchers began rounding up the longhorns and drove about 260,000 of them to Sedalia, Missouri. -(2). Most of the cattle did not survive this first long drive, but those that did survive sold for 10 times the price they would have brought in Texas. Note: Other trails soon opened. -The route to Abilene, Kansas became the major route north.

31 Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.)-Between 1867 and 1871, cowboys drove nearly 1.5 million head of cattle up from the Chisholm Trail (most famous) from southern Texas to Abilene. -As the railroads expanded in the West, other trails reached from Texas to more towns in Kansas, Nebraska, Montana, and Wyoming. -Cowboys branded cattle to identify their herds. Section 1

32 Ranching and Cattle Drives (cont.)Unbranded cattle were known as mavericks. Note: ”Range wars” broke out among groups competing for land. Eventually, after much loss of life, hundreds of square miles were fenced in with barbed wire. The long drive ended due to barbed wire barriers, an oversupply of animals on the market, and the blizzards of Note: From this point on, herds were raised on fenced-in ranches.

33 Ranching and Cattle Drives (contRanching and Cattle Drives (cont.) Note: During the long drive era, Cowboys drove millions of cattle north from Texas to Kansas and points beyond. Some of the longhorns went straight to slaughterhouses, but others were sold to ranchers who were building up herds in Wyoming, Montana, and other territories. The period of the “Cattle Kingdom” lasted roughly years. When the open range ended, New European breeds replaced longhorns, and the cowboy became a ranch hand.

34 A B C D Why was there an oversupply of animals on the market?A. It was due to over-breeding. B. Investors from the East and from Britain poured money into the cattle business. C. The longhorn cattle were thriving and giving birth to healthy calves. D. England sent many of their animals to the open range. A B C D Section 1

35 Settling the Hispanic SouthwestThe arrival of new settlers changed life for Hispanics in the Southwest. Section 1

36 Settling the Hispanic Southwest (cont.)For centuries, much of what is today belonged to Spain’s empire. Note: After Mexico won its independence, the region became the northern territories of Mexico. The United States took control of the region (1848) as a result of the Mexican-American War. The mission system collapsed by the early 1800’s. In place of the mission system in California, landowners owned vast haciendas. Section 1

37 Settling the Hispanic Southwest (cont.)After the California gold rush, however, Hispanic Californians were vastly outnumbered. Their status would decline. Hispanics were relegated to lower-paying and less desirable jobs. Many Hispanics lost their land to the new settlers. Although Mexican-American land claims often dated back to Spanish land grants, American courts frequently ruled these old land grants were insufficient proof of ownership. As they had done with the Native Americans, settlers from the East clashed with the Mexican Americans over land.

38 Settling the Hispanic Southwest (cont.)Vaqueros were Spanish Cowboys. They developed the tools and techniques for managing cattle. They also taught American cowboys their trade and enriched the English language with words of Spanish origin, including lariat, lasso, and stampede. This caused the Hispanic population to fight back. (Las Gorras Blancas”white caps”) Note: Hispanics in New Mexico remained more influential (remained the majority)in public affairs than did their counterparts in California and Mew Mexico. Section 1

39 Settling the Hispanic Southwest (cont.)As more railroads were built in the 1880s and 1890s, the population of the Southwest continued to swell with American, European, and Mexican immigrants. In the growing cities of the Southwest (El Paso, Albuquerque, and Los Angeles), Hispanics settled in neighborhoods called barrios. They maintained their own culture in these neighborhoods (language, newspapers, churches).

40 In which state did the Hispanic population remain influential in public affairs?A. California B. Texas C. New Mexico A B C Section 1

41 Section 1-End

42 Big Ideas Group Action After 1865 settlers staked out homesteads and began farming the Great Plains. Section 2-Main Idea

43 Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary homestead dry farming sodbusterbonanza farm Academic Vocabulary prospective innovation Section 2-Key Terms

44 People and Events to IdentifyGreat Plains Stephen Long Homestead Act Wheat Belt Section 2-Key Terms

45 Section 2-Polling QuestionWould you move to unfamiliar territory if it was the only way you could own your own land? A. Yes B. No A B Section 2-Polling Question

46 The Beginnings of SettlementSettlers staked out homesteads and began farming the region. Sod House Section 2

47 The Beginnings of Settlement (cont.)The population of the Great Plains grew steadily in the decades after the Civil War. Land once thought to be worthless for farming was transformed into America’s wheat belt. Homesteaders dealt with a lack of wood (sod houses), and water (deep wells) and challenging weather. The Great Plains regions extends westward from around the 100 meridian (central Dakota through western Texas). Section 2

48 The Beginnings of Settlement (cont.) Note: The Great Plains is a dry grassland where trees grow naturally only along rivers and streams. For centuries, Native Americans hunted the buffalo for food and shelter. Major Stephen Long called the region the “Great American Desert” when he explored it in He predicted the land was useless for settlement. Stephen H. Long

49 The Beginnings of Settlement (cont.)Several developments undermined the assumption that the region was uninhabitable: (1). Railroad companies sold land along the rail lines at low prices and provided credit to prospective settlers. (2). Pamphlets and posters spread the news to city dwellers across Europe and America that cheap farm land was theirs to claim. Farming the American West, 1870–1900 Section 2

50 The Beginnings of Settlement (cont.)For more than a decade beginning in the 1870s, rainfall on the Plains was well above average. In 1862, the government encouraged settlement on the Great Plains by passing the Homestead Act. For a $10 registration fee, an individual could file for a homestead of up to 160 acres of land. Section 2

51 The Beginnings of Settlement (contThe Beginnings of Settlement (cont.) Settlers found life difficult on the Plains: -In addition to sod houses and drilling deep wells for water, they faced summer temperatures greater than 100 degrees fahrenheit. -Prairie fires were a frequent danger. -Sometimes swarms of grasshoppers swept over farms and destroyed the crops. -In winter there were terrible blizzards and extreme cold.

52 The following made life difficult on the Great Plains EXCEPT A. hot summers. B. prairie fires. C. cold winters. D. flooding. A B C D Section 2

53 The Wheat Belt As a result of new farming methods and machinery, settlers on the Great Plains were able to produce large amounts of wheat. Mechanical Reaper Section 2

54 The Wheat Belt (cont.) Many new farming methods and inventions in the nineteenth century revolutionized agriculture. Dry farming was popular on the Plains. Unfortunately, prairie soil could blow away during a dry season, so many sodbusters eventually lost their homesteads through a combination of drought, wind erosion, and overuse of the land. Section 2

55 The Wheat Belt (cont.) Innovations such as the mechanical reaper, steam tractor, threshing machine, and mechanical binder made harvesting wheat possible. This made dry farming possible. Many farmers from the Midwest moved to the Great Plains during the 1880’s to take advantage of inexpensive land and new farming technology. The Wheat Belt began at the eastern edge of the Great Plains and encompassed much of the Dakotas and parts of Nebraska and Kansas. Section 2

56 The Wheat Belt (cont.) Some of the wheat farms—referred to as bonanza farms—covered up to 50,000 acres. Bonanza farms yielded big profits. Like mine owners, bonanza farmers formed companies, invested in property and equipment, and hired laborers as needed. A severe drought, coupled with competition from farmers in other countries, brought an end to the thriving Wheat Belt. Many farmers forfeited their land because they were unable to pay the mortgage payments. By 1900 tenants cultivated one-third of the farms on the Plains. Section 2

57 The Wheat Belt (cont.) On April 22, 1889, the government opened one of the last large territories for settlement. Within hours, more than 10,000 people raced to stake claims in an event known as the Oklahoma Land Rush. Although there was a lot of unoccupied land, and new settlement continued into the 1900s, the “closing of the frontier” marked the end of an era. Note: Historian Frederick Jackson Turner believed that the frontier had provided a “safety valve of social discontent.” Section 2

58 The Wheat Belt (cont.) Note: Most settlers did indeed make a fresh start, adapting to the difficult environment of the Plains. Water from deep wells allowed them to plant trees and gardens. Railroads brought lumber and brick that replaced sod houses and coal for fuel. Manufactured goods arrived from the East such as clothes and household goods. The real story of the West was not one of limitless opportunity, nor one in which heroes rode off into the sunset. It was about ordinary people who settled down and built homes and communities through great effort.

59 Why was historian Frederick Jackson Turner concerned about the “closing of the frontier”?A. Towns would now become overpopulated. B. Americans could no longer move somewhere to make a fresh start. C. Americans could no longer dream of unsettled land. D. None of the above A B C D Section 2

60 Section 2-End

61 Big Ideas Culture and Beliefs Settling the West dramatically changed the way of life of the Plains Indians. Section 3-Main Idea

62 Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary nomad annuity assimilateallotment Academic Vocabulary relocate ensure approximately Section 3-Key Terms

63 People and Events to IdentifySand Creek Massacre Indian Peace Commission George A. Custer Chief Joseph Dawes Act Section 3-Key Terms

64 Section 3-Polling QuestionDo you agree with the idea of reservations for Indians? A. Agree B. Disagree A B Section 3-Polling Question

65 Struggles of the Plains IndiansThe settlement of the West dramatically altered the way of life of the Plains Indians. Custer’s Camp 1876 Section 3

66 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)For centuries the Great Plains were home to many groups of Native Americans Some lived in communities as farmers and hunters, but many were nomads. These nomadic people travel great distance searching for their main source of food - buffalo. Plains People were similar in the following ways: - (1). They were divided into bands consisting of people. - (2). A governing council headed each band, but most member participated in making decisions. Section 3

67 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)- (3). Most lived in extended family groups and believed in the spiritual power of the natural world. The ranchers, miners, and farmers who moved onto the Plains deprived Native Americans of their hunting grounds, broke treaties guaranteeing certain lands to the Plains Indians, and often forced them to relocate to new territory. Note: Native Americans resisted by attacking wagons trains, stage coaches, and ranches. Occasionally, an entire group would go to war against nearby settlers and troops.

68 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)The first major clash began in 1862, when the Dakota Sioux launched a major uprising in Minnesota. The Sioux had agreed to live on a reservation in exchange for annuities; however, many payments never reached them. Little Crow reluctantly agreed to lead the uprising. Note: By 1862, many Dakota people lived in desperate poverty. When Chief Little Crow asked local traders to provide food on credit, he was told no. Native American Battles and Reservations, 1860–1890 Section 3

69 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)Note: Little Crow wanted to wage war against soldiers, not settlers, but angry Dakota slaughtered hundreds of settlers in the area. The rebellion was eventually suppressed, and 38 Dakota were sentenced to death. Note: Others fled the reservations when federal troops arrived and became exiles in a region that bore their name – the Dakota Territory. Note: The Lakota did not want settlers to take their hunting grounds. The Lakota were led by Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull. Section 3

70 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)“Red Cloud’s War” of 1866–1868. was a conflict between the U.S. Army and the Lakota. Note: The army was constructing forts along the Bozeman Trail, the path used to reach the Montana gold mines. In December 1866, Crazy Horse tricked the fort’s commander, Captain William Fetterman and about 80 soldiers to pursue what they thought was a small raiding party. “Fetterman’s Massacre “ was an ambush that wiped out an entire unit of United States soldiers by the Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse.

71 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.) Note: The Sioux continued to resist any military presence in the region, and in 1868 the army abandoned its posts. Crazy Horse

72 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)In the 1860s tensions began to rise between the miners coming into Colorado in search of silver and gold and the Cheyenne and Arapaho who already lived there. Note: As the number of settlers increased, bands of Native Americans began raiding wagon trains and stealing cattle and horses from ranches. By the summer of 1864, trade had come to a standstill, dozens of homes had been burned, and an estimated 200 settlers had been killed. The territorial governor, John Evans, ordered the Native Americans to surrender at Fort Lyon. Those who failed to report would be subject to attack.

73 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)Note: Although several hundred Native Americans surrendered at the fort, many others did not. In November 1864, Chief Black Kettle brought several hundred Cheyenne to Fort Lyon to negotiate a peace deal. John Chivington of the Colorado Volunteers said since the Cheyenne had been attacking settlers, there could be no peace. They were told to camp at Sand Creek for an answer, and were mercilessly attacked in what became known as the Sand Creek Massacre. John Chivington led the attack. What happened at Sand Creek is debated.

74 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)In light of escalating conflict with Native Americans on the Great Plains, Congress formed an Indian Peace Commission, which proposed creating two large reservations—one for the Sioux and another for Native Americans from the southern Plains. Agents from the federal government’s Bureau of Indian Affairs would run the reservations. The army would deal with Native People who refused to report. Section 3

75 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)Both Puritan and Jesuit missionaries had used reservations in colonial days to separate Native American nations from one another. The reservations were also intended to encourage Native Americans to adopt white man culture. The Iroquois were placed on reservations after the American Revolution to separate Native Americans and citizens from the United States. Nearly a century later, reservations were based exclusively on keeping the Native Americans separate from American citizens.

76 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)The reservation system was again tested after the California Gold Rush. Note: California, Oregon, and Washington all tried reservations as a way to minimize conflicts between Native Americans and settlers. (1). Pressuring Native American leaders into signing treaties (Medicine Lodge Creek in 1867) did not ensure that chiefs or their followers abide by them, nor could they prevent settlers from violating the terms.

77 Struggles of the Plains Indians (cont.)(2). The plan failed, and those who did move to reservations faced many hardships such as violence, poverty, despair, and the corrupt practices of American traders. Red Cloud

78 How many Native Americans died during the Sand Creek Massacre? A. 69 B. 82 C. 600 D. Unknown A B C D Section 3

79 The Last Native American WarsSettlers and Native Americans fought for land and cultural traditions. Section 3

80 Reduction of the Buffalo:The Last Native American Wars (cont.) Reduction of the Buffalo: Professional buffalo hunters invaded the area, seeking buffalo hides for markets in the East. Other hunters killed merely for sport, leaving carcasses to rot. The railroads hired sharpshooters to kill large numbers of buffalo that were obstructing air traffic and used to feed the workers. The army, determined to force Native Americans onto reservations, encouraged buffalo killing.

81 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)By 1889, very few buffalo remained on the Plains; eventually the herds were wiped out. In 1876, prospectors overran the Lakota Sioux reservation in the Dakota territory to mine gold in the Black Hills. The Lakota saw no reason they should abide by a treaty that American settlers were violating. They left the reservation to hunt near the Bighorn Mountains in southeastern Montana. Section 3

82 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)The government sent an expedition commanded by General Alfred H. Terry; Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the Seventh Cavalry were with him. Note: Custer underestimated the fighting capabilities of the Lakota and Cheyenne. Custer ignored orders and launched a three-prong attack on one of the largest groups of Native Americans ever assembled on the Plains. On June 26, 1876, Custer and 210 soldiers were all killed, causing a public outcry in the East. Section 3

83 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)

84 The Last Native American Wars (contThe Last Native American Wars (cont.) Note: Newspaper accounts portraying Custer as a victim of a massacre produced a public outcry in the East, and the army stepped up its campaign against Native Americans on the Plains. Sitting Bull fled with his followers to Canada, but the other Lakota were forced to return to the reservation and give up the Black Hills.

85 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)In 1877, the Nez Perce refused to be relocated to a smaller reservation. They attempted to flee to Canada on a 1,300 mile journey. Farther west, the Nez Perce people, led by Chief Joseph, surrendered and were exiled to Oklahoma. Native American resistance came to a final and tragic end on the Lakota Sioux reservation in 1890. Federal authorities had banned the Ghost Dance, but the Sioux continued to perform the dance. Section 3

86 The Last Native American Wars (contThe Last Native American Wars (cont.) Note: The Ghost Dance was a ritual that celebrated the hope that one day settlers would disappear, the buffalo would return, and Native Americans would reunite with their dead ancestors. Federal authorities believed it would lead to an uprising by Native people. They blamed the latest defiance on Chief Sitting Bull, who had returned from Canada, and sent police to arrest the chief.

87 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)The army killed Chief Sitting Bull, as well as approximately 200 Lakota men, women, and children at Wounded Knee. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote A Century of Dishonor that exposed U.S. Government policies toward Native people. Some Americans believed the solution to the mistreatment of Native Americans was to assimilate them into American society as landowners and citizens. This meant dividing reservations into individual allotments, where families could become self-supporting. Section 3

88 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)This policy became law in 1887 when Congress passed the Dawes Act. This act allotted to each head of household 160 acres of reservation land for farming. This law also granted citizenship to Native Americans who stayed on their allotments for 25 years. Note: The land that remained after all members had received allotments would be sold to American settlers, with the proceeds going into a trust for Native Americans. Section 3

89 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)However, this act failed to achieve its goals. Some Native Americans succeeded as farmers and ranchers, but many had little training or enthusiasm for either pursuit. Many Native Americans sold this land because they found their allotments too small to be profitable. Native people also hated to see their reservations transformed into homesteads for settlers. Note: In the end, the assimilation policy was a dismal failure. No legislation could solve this issue. Many Native people on the Plains did not adopt the settlers’ lifestyles.

90 The Last Native American Wars (cont.)Not until 1924 did Congress pass the Citizenship Act, granting all Native Americans in the U.S. citizenship. Some states (Arizona, Maine, and New Mexico) did not grant Native Americans the right to vote until after World War II. Under Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, the policies of assimilation and allotment finally ended in It restored some reservation land, gave Native American tribes control over those lands, and permitted them to elect tribal governments. Section 3

91 Who wrote A Century of Dishonor? A. Elizabeth Blackwell B. George A. Custer C. Chief Joseph D. Helen Hunt Jackson A B C D Section 3

92 Section 3-End

93 Causes of Settlers Moving West to the Great PlainsMining Deposits of gold, silver, and copper are discovered. New technologies, such as hydraulic mining, make it possible to remove vast quantities of ore. VS 1

94 Causes of Settlers Moving West to the Great PlainsRanching Wild longhorn cattle, found to survive well on the Plains, are available in large numbers to be rounded up. Railroads provide an easy way to ship cattle to eastern markets. VS 1

95 Causes of Settlers Moving West to the Great PlainsFarming Congress passes the Homestead Act in 1862. New farming technologies, including new plows, reapers, and drills, make it possible to farm on the Plains. Railroads advertise for settlers and bring necessities such as lumber and coal to the Plains. VS 1

96 Effects of Settling the Great PlainsMiners arrive in such large numbers that Colorado, the Dakotas, Nevada, and Montana are able to become states. Hydraulic mining damages the environment in some areas and interferes with farming. The Great Plains becomes the nation’s Wheat Belt, growing tens of thousands of acres of wheat. VS 2

97 Effects of Settling the Great PlainsThe arrival of miners, ranchers, and farmers leads to conflict with Native Americans. The federal government fights several wars with the Native Americans, establishes reservations, and passes the Dawes Act to assimilate Native Americans. VS 2

98 VS-End

99 Figure 1A

100 Figure 1B

101 Figure 2

102 Figure 3

103 Figure 4

104 Select a transparency to view.Chapter Transparencies Menu Why It Matters Cause-and-Effect Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Select a transparency to view. Chapter Trans Menu

105 Why It Matters Trans

106 C & E Trans

107 Unit Timelines Trans

108 DFS Trans 1

109 DFS Trans 2

110 DFS Trans 3

111 vigilance committee  group of ordinary citizens formed by local law enforcement officers whose goal is to find criminals and bring them to justice Vocab1

112 hydraulic mining  method of mining by which water is sprayed at a very high pressure against a hill or mountain, washing away large quantities of dirt, gravel, and rock, and exposing the minerals beneath the surface Vocab2

113 open range vast areas of grassland owned by the federal governmentVocab3

114 long drive  driving cattle long distances to a railroad depot for fast transport and great profit Vocab4

115 hacienda  a huge ranch Vocab5

116 barrios neighborhoods Hispanics settled in Vocab6

117 extract  to remove by force Vocab7

118 adapt  to change in order to meet the demands of a certain environment or circumstance Vocab8

119 prior  happening before an event Vocab9

120 homestead  method of acquiring a piece of U.S. public land by living on and cultivating it Vocab10

121 dry farming  a way of farming dry land in which seeds are planted deep in the ground where there is some moisture Vocab11

122 sodbuster  a name given to Great Plains farmers Vocab12

123 bonanza farm  a large, highly profitable wheat farm Vocab13

124 prospective to be likely to, or have intentions to, perform an actVocab14

125 innovation  a new idea or method Vocab15

126 nomad  a person who continually moves from place to place, usually in search of food Vocab16

127 annuity  money paid by contract at regular intervals Vocab17

128 assimilate to absorb a group into the culture of a larger populationVocab18

129 allotment  a plot of land assigned to an individual or a family for cultivation Vocab19

130 relocate  to move to a new place Vocab20

131 ensure  to guarantee or make certain Vocab21

132 approximately  an estimation of a figure that is close to the actual figure Vocab22

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