1 STAAR EOC REVIEW

2 AMERICAN FOUNDATIONS

3 Declaration of IndependenceColonies proclaim independence from Britain July 4, Primary author Thomas Jefferson- We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government … Founding Fathers such as Benjamin Rush, John Hancock, John Jay, John Witherspoon, and Jonathan Trumbull Sr. supported the cause.

4 Constitution First constitution -Articles of ConfederationWeakness in the Articles to the creation of a new government under the Constitution. The Constitution reflects several principles including- Three branches (legislative, executive, judicial)-separation of powers Powers divided between nation and states-federalism Concerned it did not protect individual liberties led to the Bill of Rights

5 Bill of Rights Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. Right to keep and bear arms. No quartering of soldiers. Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, no double jeopardy. Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial. Right of trial by jury in civil cases. Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. Other rights of the people. Powers reserved to the states

6 Alexis de Tocqueville ( ) French sociologist and political theorist traveled the U.S. in 1831 to study its prisons Wrote Democracy in America (1835), one of the most influential books of the 19th century.

7 U.S.-Reconstruction

8 Growth of a Nation The first half of the 19th century was characterized by expansion, internal improvements, and growth of manufacturing and banking. Sectional social, political, and economic differences grew especially in reaction to slavery. Led to the Civil War ( ) Reconstruction-U.S. reunited North and South. Reconstruction Amendments: 13th- abolished slavery 14th-guarenteed rights of citizens 15th-African American males right to vote

9 Gilded Age

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12 Closing of the West Several factors influenced westward advancement:Mineral Discoveries-gold and silver rushes, i.e. Klondike Gold Rush Availability of western land- Homestead Act (1863) cheap land attracts many to Great Plains Transcontinental RR-opens transportation of goods and people and land made available through grants Cattle industry Brings the end of the Plains Indian- Destruction of the buffalo Forced onto reservations

13 Industrialization New inventions helped the growth of industry, including the electric bulb, telegraph, telephone, and Bessemer process. led to “big business” as demand for steel increased construction, for example, railroads and skyscrapers. Other inventions allowed factories to produce more faster. Entrepreneurship- flourished. Many new businesses sprung up in the U.S. including many begun by immigrants using their trade skills. Free enterprise-business can operate with little government influence. “laissez-faire”

14 Notable People J.P. Morgan-banking/finance John D. Rockefeller-oilAndrew Carnegie-steel John D. Rockefeller-oil Cornelius Vanderbilt- railroads

15 Immigration and UrbanizationIndustrialization led to need for workers and urban growth “New Immigrants” from Southern and Eastern- Catholic, Jewish, fewer know English Settled in eastern cities within ethnic neighborhoods Increased nativism-anti-immigrant reaction Ex. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) barred immigration for 10 yrs Immigrants flooded into cities: Leading to overcrowding in tenement housing, sanitation issues, disease, influence of political bosses

16 Progressive Era

17 Movement Foundations RootsReaction to Gilded age and Social Darwinism (survival of the fittest) Grange Movement-farmers (Interstate Commerce Act) Populist Party-represented farmers and workers William Jennings Bryan appealed to Populists Social Gospel-Christians should help fellow man

18 Reform Impact: brought social, economic, and political reformsMeat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Anti-Trust Legislation-Sherman and Clayton Anti-trust Acts 16th (income tax)17th senators direct election) 19th (women’s suffrage) Amendments Referendum, recall, initiative (greater democracy) Federal Reserve Act National Park Service Third Parties: Populist and Progressive Parties influence elections Election of 1912-Teddy Roosevelt and the Progressive Party

19 Important People Muckrakers (writers) African Americans:Upton Sinclair (The Jungle) Jacob Riis (How the Other Half Lives) African Americans: W.E.B. DuBois (co-founder NAACP) Ida B. Wells-fought for anti-lynching laws Settlement House Movement Jane Addams-Hull House Women’s rights: Susan B. Anthony-suffragist Presidents Theodore Roosevelt-Square Deal (consumer protection, increase competition, conservation) Woodrow Wilson-New Freedom (control business, promote competition, lower tariffs)

20 America on the World Stage

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22 Expansion Reasons: Spanish-American War (1898) Pacific- Latin AmericaWanted raw materials and markets Increase U.S. naval power Nationalism Missionary zeal Spanish-American War (1898) Yellow Journalism Sinking of the USS Maine U.S. gains colonies: Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico; influence in Cuba Pacific- gain Hawaii (1898) and other islands, influence in China and Japan Latin America Panama Canal-necessary for sea access to new empire

23 Important People Alfred Thayer Mahan Presidents:Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History Argued for making the US into a world power and that a strong navy was necessary to protect interests Presidents: Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine-”Big Stick Policy” Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy

24 World War I

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26 The Great War Causes: Spark: The War: US Entry (1917):Nationalism, imperialism, alliances, militarism Spark: Assassination of Austria’s Archduke Franz Ferdinand The War: New weapons-subs, machine guns, trench warfare, planes, tanks, poison gas US Entry (1917): Reasons: Unrestricted submarine warfare (Lusitania-1915) Zimmermann Telegram Selective Service Act Committee on Public Information-propaganda Schenck v. US- challenge to 1st amendment

27 The Results Wilson’s Fourteen Points: plan for world peaceNew nations from old empires Open diplomacy Freedom of the seas International peace organization Treaty of Versailles Harsh to Germany-lost territory and forced to take blame League of Nations created U.S. never ratified because fears loss of sovereignty

28 Important People Woodrow Wilson-U.S. President during WWI; wanted to make world “safe for democracy” John J. Pershing-US leader of American Expeditionary Force in Europe Alvin York-hero in Battle of Argonne Forest; won Medal of Honor Henry Cabot Lodge- Senator who opposed Wilson and ratification of the treaty

29 Roaring Twenties

30 Return to “Normalcy” Isolationist, business oriented Prosperity:More efficient production, assembly line Auto, radio, movies, appliances Mass consumption, advertising Installment buying Era of Change Prohibition-18th Amendment Science & Religion clash-Scopes trial Increased nativism-immigration quotas Women- flappers Harlem Renaissance-growth of African American culture

31 Important People Republican Presidents: Sacco & Vanzetti:Warren Harding-Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge-”the business of America is business” Herbert Hoover Sacco & Vanzetti: Italian Immigrants executed for murder Charles Lindbergh: Solo Atlantic flight 1927 Scopes Trial: William Jennings Bryan-Prosecutor Clarence Darrow-Defense Langston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance poet Marcus Garvey: Promoted black pride and back-to Africa movement F. Scott Fitzgerald: wrote The Great Gatsby

32 Great Depression

33 “Brother Can You Spare a Dime”Beginning marked with the Stock Market Crash in 1929 Causes: Overproduction, speculation, uneven distribution of wealth, poor banking practices, limited international trade Impact High unemployment, bank failures, foreclosures Dust Bowl Drought a poor farming practices destroyed soil in 5 states causing huge dust storms Many farmers moved west to California Portrayed by John Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath Herbert Hoover president at the beginning but unsuccessful in instilling confidence

34 New Deal Franklin Delano Roosevelt elected in 1932Fireside Chats-to instill confidence Eleanor Roosevelt was politically active and supported FDR FDR’s program to deal with depression: 100 Days Relief: Getting people back to work CCC, PWA, WPA Recovery: AAA, TVA Reform: FDIC, SEC, Social Security “Court Packing Plan” (1937)-failed attempt to add six more justices to the Supreme Court

35 World War II

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37 Entry in WWII Factors: Break from Isolationism:Rise of fascism in Europe (Mussolini, Hitler) Failure of Appeasement Japanese expansion in Asia Break from Isolationism: Neutrality Acts ( ) Cash-and-Carry Lend-Lease (1941) FDR aids Britain Atlantic Charter Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) “Day that will live in infamy”

38 Fighting the War On the home front: War in Europe: War in Pacific:Rationing, war bonds, victory gardens, propaganda New roles for women and minorities Japanese Internment War in Europe: D-day-invasion of Normandy, France War in Pacific: Bataan Death March (1942) Philippines Island-hopping Battle of Midway-turning point in the Pacific Atomic bomb-Pres. Truman will authorize Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs

39 Important People Europe: Pacific: Flying Tigers: Navajo Code Talkers:Gen. Dwight Eisenhower-Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Gen. Omar Bradley-commanded an army division on D-Day Gen. George S. Patton-a commander and tank expert Pacific: Admiral Chester Nimitz-commander of the U.S. Pacific Fleet Gen. Douglas MacArthur-commander of U.S. Pacific forces and led U.S. occupation of Japan. Flying Tigers: American pilots that helped the Chinese Navajo Code Talkers: Provided unbreakable code Tuskegee Airmen: African American flyers who distinguished themselves

40 Post-War America US will come out of war one of two “superpowers”GI Bill will provide loans for homes and businesses and most important, money for education. US will prosper and grow economically in the 1950s Baby Boom! General Eisenhower will be elected president in the 1950s ( ) Challenges from the youth: Rock-n-Roll!

41 Onset of Cold War

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43 Roots of Conflict Ideological differences:Communism vs. democracy and free enterprise Soviet control of Eastern Europe after WWII “Iron Curtain” divides Europe Germany Is split Berlin Airlift-Soviets blockade Berlin; US sends supplies until Soviets stop blockade

44 Containment Greece and Turkey Marshall Plan:US supports to help these countries resist communist takeover Truman Doctrine (1947) promises aid to any country Marshall Plan: Economic aid to Europe to keep out communism NATO-military alliance (US and Western Europe) Warsaw Pact-Soviet alliance with Eastern Europe Korean War ( )- Communist North Korea invaded South Korea US and UN aids South Korea Ends in stalemate at 38th parallel

45 Effects of War Arms Race: Space Race: Cold War at Home:Build up of nuclear weapons, deterrent Space Race: Began with USSR launch of Sputnik (1957) Cold War at Home: House on Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) looked for Communists in US 2nd Red Scare Joseph McCarthy hearings-leads to “McCarthyism” or Communist witch hunt Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs-executed for spying

46 Later Cold War

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48 Conflict Continues John F. Kennedy: Vietnam War: Cold War Ends:Bay of Pigs (1961)-failed invasion of Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)-blockade to keep USSR from placing nuclear weapons on Cuba Peace Corps Vietnam War: Fear Vietnam will fall to communism “domino theory” Gulf of Tonkin Resolution allows LBJ to escalate the war, the draft used Tet Offensive (1968)-showed war was not close to ending President Nixon and Vietnamization Results-credibility gap, protests, 26th Amendment which lowered the voting age to 18 Cold War Ends: Berlin Wall falls in 1989; USSR disbands in 1991

49 Civil Rights Movement

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51 The Movement Takes HoldRemember Plessy v. Ferguson (1896): “separate but equal” Brown v. Board of Education (1954); orders schools to desegregate Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955): Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat; Martin Luther King Jr. will become leader Integration of Central High School when “Little Rock Nine” challenge Governor Orval Faubus; President Eisenhower will order troops to force integration

52 Change Begins Non-violent resistance (MLK Jr promoted)Sit-ins and Freedom Rides March On Washington (1963) “I have a dream” speech Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson’s “Great Society” Medicare and war on poverty Civil Rights Act (1964)- Made illegal segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. Voting Rights Act (1965)- Eliminated devices, like literacy tests, that had been used to restrict voting by black people. 1960s see more radical shift: Malcolm X becomes leader Black Panthers challenge police authority

53 Extending Civil RightsWomen: Betty Friedan-wrote The Feminine Mystique and founded NOW for the feminist movement Title IX-gender equality in education Sandra Day O’Conner-1st woman on the Supreme Court Sonia Sotomayor-1st Latina on the Supreme Court Chicano Movement: Hector García-fought discrimination Cesar Chávez and Dolores Huerta organized migrant farm workers; grape boycott American Indian Movement: Occupation of Alcatraz and Wounded Knee to raise respect for Native Americans

54 Modern America

55 Modern Presidents Richard Nixon: Gerald Ford: Jimmy Carter:Détente with China and Soviet Union End of US in Vietnam Watergate Scandal results in Nixon’s resignation and loss of confidence in government Gerald Ford: Becomes president when Nixon resigns Jimmy Carter: Camp David Accords-Peace between Israel and Egypt OPEC and oil embargo Iran Hostage Crisis

56 Modern Presidents (cont.)Ronald Reagan: Return to conservative politics Reaganomics Peace Through Strength-outspend USSR Key conservatives-Phyllis Schlafly, the Heritage Foundation, the Moral Majority; George HW Bush- Persian Gulf War-aid to Kuwait after Iraq invasion Bill Clinton: Peacekeeping in the Balkans Impeachment George Bush: Bush v. Gore-SC decides disputed election 9/11 attacks bring War on Terror Patriot Act Hurricane Katrina-criticized for slow response