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2 Student Presentation Grading RubricPoor 0 points (Absent or incompletely presented) Adequate 1 point (Reflected incomplete understanding) Good 2 points (Factually complete ) Excellent 3 points (Above and beyond) Explain the System Explain the Question Explain the Method Explain the Results Explain the Implications Overall Score: ______________
3 Date Disease Papers Presenter Mon, Sept 16 Ebola Leroy et al. 2004 Ahearn Bennett Walsh, Biek and Real, 2005 Bala Sadhana Mon, Sept 23 HIV The International HIV Controllers Study 2010 Barnhart Derana Worobey et al. 2008 O'Connor Mary Mon, Sept 30 ERVs Van Manen et al. 2008 Benson Josephine Sawyer et al. 2006 Dillard Sarah Mon, Oct 7 Influenza Tumpey et al. 2005 Gannage Catherine Yu et al. 2008 Greenberg Daniel Week of Oct 14 MIDTERM NO READINGS Mon, Oct 21 Cholera Gagneux et al. 2006 Greene Ryan Namouchi et al. 2012 Lambert Brianna Mon, Oct 28 Smallpox Gani and Leech 2001 Le Mimi Stitelaar et al. 2006 Liu David Mon, Nov 4 MRSA Price et al 2012 Meltzer Jourdan Harris et al. 2010 Mukhi Ashna Mon, Nov 11 Malaria Tanabe et al. 2010 Muniz Richard Miotto et al. 2013 Peric Andrew Mon, Nov 18 Cancer Siddle et al. 2007 Murchison et al. 2012 Mon, Nov 25 Polio Kew et al. 2002 Coleman et al. 2008 Mon, Dec 2 Prions Mead et al. 2003 Mead et al. 2009
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5 SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, called SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Hong Kong in November The illness spread to more than 37 countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained. 8,422 confirmed cases and 916 deaths worldwide. Since 2004, there have not been any known cases of SARS reported anywhere in the world. CDC, Wikipedia
6 Coronavirus Coronaviruses are positive-strand, enveloped RNA virus known to cause enteric and respiratory infections in many animals, including the common cold. The SARS coronavirus seen in electron microscopy of respiratory secretions and affected tissue from SARS patients. April 2003: Genome sequenced, and Koch’s postulates satisfied using macaques.
7 Diagnosis Fever > 38°C (= 100.4°F)Contact with someone diagnosed with SARS or travel to affected region Chest X-ray Molecular tests ELISA (only 21 days after onset) Immunofluorescence (expensive) PCR (false negatives)
8 Treatment Quaranteen Antipyretics, O2 and ventilation supportVaccine announced in December 2004
9 Epidemiology Appears to have originated in Guangdon Province, China in November 2002. February 2003 an American businessman became sick and died in Hanoi; some of his medical staff also become sick. Hong Kong “Hotel M(etropole)” index case, mainland Chinese doctor who infected 16 other guests.
10 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)Since 22 April, 2012 there have been 108 cases and 50 fatalities. Death due to pneumonia and acute renal failure. More than half these cases were in Saudi Arabia, and more than 80% were male. Person-to-person transmission is very low. On 15 Sept, 2012 a PCR test was reported. Caused by MERS-CoV, with very high similarity to both bat and pig CoVs. Ribavirin + interferon improves outcome in infected rhesus monkey (Sept 8, 2013) Wikipedia, CDC
11 Sources CDC NIH WHO Wikipedia
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13 YiJun Ruan et al. The Lancet 361:1779 - 1785“Comparative Full-Length Genome Sequence Analysis of 14 SARS Coronavirus Isolates and Common Mutations Associated with Putative Origins of Infection” YiJun Ruan et al. The Lancet 361:
14 Introduction SARS first identified in November 2002; spread worldwide by April 2003 Putative cause is a new coronavirus: Oropharyngeal specimens from patients induced a pathology in cell culture Coronovirus-like particles observed PCR revealed coronavirus-like sequences PCR positive in clinical isolates Coronavirus antibodies detected in SARS patients
15 Method Respiratory samples from patientsConfirm infectivity in cell culture (Vero cells) PCR to verify presence of SARS-CoV Synthesize cDNA from total RNA Sequence resulting cDNA
16 SARS-CoV Genome
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18 9404, 17564, 22222, 27827 19064 8559 9479, 9854, 19838, 27243 7919 29279 7919, 19064 2601 19084
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21 Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like CoronavirusesLi et al. (2005) Science 310:
22 Introduction and MethodsSARS emerged in 2002 or 2003 in southern China, but the origin of the causative agent (SARS-CoV) remains unknown. Sampled 408 bats from nine species, six genera and three families from four locations in China, and screened these for SARS antibodies and with PCR.
23 SARS-CoV widespread in three Rhinolophus speciesFigure 1 – Alignment of whole genome sequences for isolates from Rhinolophus (Rp3), human (Tor2) and palm civet (SZ3).
24 Figure 2 – Phylogenetic relationship among corona viruses from humans (Tor2), palm civet (SZ3), Rhinolophus bats (Rp3) and other sources. Based on amino acid sequence data from P1 (upper) and S (lower) proteins.
25 (Protein N) (Protein ORF10’) (Protein S1) Figure 3 – Phylogenetic relationship among SARS corona viruses at three loci, strongly suggesting the action of genetic recombination.
26 Implications SARS-CoV more likely to be derived from an endemic bat virus. (Civet unlikely source because when infected, civets show human-like symptoms, which mean that in nature these individuals are unlikely to survive.) SARS-CoV capable of genetic recombination, which may account for its ability to jump between host species.