1 The Age of Exploration Unit 3

2 Did you know??? Leif Eriksson was a Viking from Scandinavia who supposedly discovered America around 1000 A.D.

3 Background info… We are setting the stage for the Age of Exploration…

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5 Big Results of Black DeathEnd of Feudalism (even the important people in the feudal states were victims of the “fleas on rats”

6 Hundred Years’ War ( ) This was the result of dispute over French throne between kings of England and France English armies attacked France

7 Fall of ConstantinopleTrade changed because the Roman Empire collapsed. Trade couldn’t happen how it had always happened due to religion conflicts (b/w Christians and Muslims). Therefore, people wanted WATER EXPLORATION FOR TRADE!!! (Remember also that the Fall of Constantinople is also said to be the “beginning” of the Renaissance)

8 Renaissance “rebirth” Remember: humanism, Medici’s, Art, Printing Press, Reformation (Martin Luther/ John Calvin), Power shifts from the Pope/Church to the Monarchies/Kings

9 So what else is going on at this time??Let’s look at England…

10 What about in England?     Henry Tudor is the victor at Bosworth Field and reunited England after the disastrous Wars of the Roses (a civil war in England).  He becomes Henry VII.  His son Henry VIII, desperate for an heir (a child to take the throne), wants a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.  The Pope refuses to allow him a divorce.  Henry gets mad and breaks away from the Catholic church, reaping huge amounts of income ($$) from the seizure (taking) of church property. 

11 Remember this guy??? We mentioned him during the last unit. Since he couldn’t get a divorce, he decided to leave the Catholic Church and started his own church. His church was the Church of England (aka Anglican Church) He’s the guy who had 6 wives .

12 Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpbdcI5HAYg&safe=active

13 EXPLORATION What led to exploration???Absolute monarchs had authority and resources Strong monarchs came to power in Spain, Portugal, England, and France Established national laws, courts, taxes and armies Sought ways to increase trade and make countries stronger and wealthier (richer)

14 Exploration Marco Polo of VeniceWent with his dad and uncle to China and to Japan He wrote “The Travels” and described exotic lands and people, great riches and splendid cities (His book was able to be read thanks to the printing press)

15 Marco Polo

16 Exploration The desire to learn more and the growth of trade (spices and precious metals) were both very large factors that inspired people to want to explore new lands. Also, the Protestant Reformation had an impact because people had religious zeal and wanted to spread their religious beliefs.

17 Exploration People also wanted to explore so that they could make lots of $$$$ and become famous. The more land you had, the more powerful your country was People wanted to explore for 3 reasons: “God, Gold and Glory”

18 Push and Pull Factors for English ExplorationIn England, depression (no land and no jobs) Surplus population (or at least in England, they thought so) Laws of Primogeniture (oldest son inherits everything, so younger sons seeks out fortune in New World) Pull: Chance to make $$ (Sea Dogs: Sir Francis Drake was knighted for plundering Spanish ships) Adventure and Glory Chance to spread Christianity

19 What made it easier for explorers?Improvements in technology and knowledge: Detailed and accurate charts Direction of ocean currents Coastlines and distances between ports Larger ships that could sail in any conditions, lateen (triangular) sails and stern rudder enabled ships to sail into the wind Caravel: 3 masted Portuguese ship that was faster and could carry more cargo and food supplies; floated in shallow water. Could engage in naval warfare (could carry heavy cannon)

20 What made it easier for explorers?Navigational instruments improved: Compass: showed what direction a ship was moving and location Astrolabe: measures position of stars; used sun or a star to determine latitude

21 Exploration Why do you think countries like Portugal and Spain began searching for sea routes to Asia instead of just trading overland? To get goods for less. The Muslim traders controlled all the trade routes to Asia and the prices of goods along these routes.

22 Portugal Portugal lacked a Mediterranean port, so it didn’t make a lot of $$$. They had to find a new route to China and India. They also wanted a more direct way to get West African gold.

23 Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator:Sought trade opportunities for Portugal Created school for navigators in Portugal; brought astronomers, geographers, and mathematicians to teach sailors and shipbuilders This encouraged people to move south along the west coast of Africa Founded the Azores and Canary Islands

24 Prince Henry the Navigator

25 Portugal As the Portuguese moved south, they traded and leased land from local rulers to build stone forts along the coast. This made it easier to trade gold, ivory and slaves.

26 Portugal Bartholomew Diaz was sent by the king to explore southernmost part of Africa Storms pushed him round the Cape of Good Hope (southern tip of Africa) He claimed the land for Portugal He was hoping to find a route to India

27 Portugal Vasco de Gama continued Diaz’s journey straight to India, using an Arab pilot who knew the Indian Ocean well He brought ginger and cinnamon from Calicut (India)

28 Exploration: Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus (Italian): Thought he could reach India by sailing westward across Atlantic Ocean He persuaded Spain to finance an exploratory expedition (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella) They were competing with Portugal for Asian trade; also hoped to form an alliance with rulers of India and China against the Muslims

29 Exploration: Christopher ColumbusHe had 2 small ships: Nina and Pinta 1 large ship: Santa Maria He “discovered” the New World by landing first in the Bahamas (which he thought was India); later explored Hispanola (Dominican Republic and Haiti, which he thought was Japan), Cuba (which he thought was China), Jamaica, coasts of Central America and South America Wasn’t the first to land in the new world (Leif Eriksson got lost on his way to Greenland and landed in Newfoundland).

30 Fun Fact: Amerigo Vespucci discovered America and noted that it couldn’t be Asia like Christopher Columbus had thought.

31 Treaty of Tordesillas Due to rivalry between Spain and Portugal, Pope Alexander VI established a line of demarcation, an imaginary line running down the middle of the Atlantic from the North to South Pole. Eastern route to India reserved for the Portuguese (since they discovered route to Africa) Atlantic route reserved for Spanish (since they discovered new world) Gave Spain the right to most of North and South America

32 Treaty of Tordesillas

33 Ferdinand Magellan Spanish wanted to find sea route through or around South America to Asia Sailed through narrow, twisting sea passage (Strait of Magellan) into Pacific, which he named and means “peaceful.” Took 4 months to cross the Pacific; he ran out of food and ate sawdust, rats, and leather Magellan was killed in local war in the Philippines Only 1 in 5 ships and 18 of 250 men completed the journey. 1st to circumnavigate the globe

34 Ferdinand Magellan’s Voyage

35 Spanish Conquistadors: Spanish ConquerorsHad right to explore and establish settlements in American in exchange for gold Came with firearms and determination Subjugated (enslaved) the “Indians” in the Americas

36 Conquistadors: Hernan CortesLanded on east coast of Mexico with 500 soldiers, some horses and cannons Learned about Aztecs: forced conquered people to pay tribute; used resentment of the people to form alliances against the Aztecs Montezuma welcomed Cortes and gave him gifts, but Cortes took him prisoner Cortes was driven out by the Aztecs, but he returned with more troops and destroyed capital, Tenochtitlan (1521) Gained control of northern Mexico

37 Hernan Cortes

38 Conquistadors: Francisco PizarroHe sailed down Pacific coast of South America with 180 soldiers Inca Empire was very wealthy Captured ruler Atahualpa and killed him; without leadership, they couldn’t fight against him effectively He destroyed the Incas in Peru

39 Why did the Spanish Conquistadors succeed???Weapons: guns and cannons Animals: horses and ferocious dogs Help of Native Americans Diseases: SMALLPOX (see handout)

40 Hernando de Soto Wanted to explore Florida and lands to west in search of gold Wandered around for 3 years; trashed villages; took chiefs hostage; killed natives for no reason He died of fever after traveling to Oklahoma and was buried in the Mississippi River to keep death a secret from the natives Destroyer of peace…others that follow won’t have such an easy time with the natives because the natives learn not to trust the outsiders!!!

41 Hernando de Soto

42 Juan Ponce de Leon Made first Spanish landing on the mainland of North America; 1st Bahamas then Cape Canaveral at Melbourne Beach Looked for island of Bimini, gold and the fountain of youth Called it La Florida (the flowering land) because pretty to look at; flat and even; and he arrived in FL at the flowery time of Easter Returned back for a 2nd trip, had run in with the natives, took an arrow to the thigh and became infected and died. His exploration led to 1st Spanish settlement in what is now the U.S.

43 Juan Ponce de Leon

44 So all this land is now “discovered,” So what??Now that these countries were living in these new lands, they wanted to make lots of $$ off of the new world’s resources. So they needed workers. They set up plantations where lots of people worked on a large estate. They certainly weren’t going to work on the plantations, so who did they turn to?

45 Why African Slaves? Economic Reasons: Cheaper than indentured servantsTons of them Environmental Reasons: Immunity to many diseases that the Native Americans were dying from Already tried the Natives, but too many died

46 Why African Slaves? Physical Reasons:Could handle large quantities of hard labor Sugar was very labor intensive “Moral” Reasons: Didn’t want to use anyone white, no matter their status Africans were inferior because they were “different”

47 Impacts of ExplorationSlavery began in the new world (it already existed in Africa) Native American civilizations were destroyed from forced labor, starvation and disease Native Americans had no resistance to European diseases like smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus 30-40% died

48 Impacts of ExplorationIn Haiti: 300 out of 100,000 survived Mexico: 25 million dropped to 3 million Other impacts: Spread of Catholicism (set up parishes, schools and hospitals)

49 Impact of Exploration Columbian Exchange: the exchange of goods (plants, animals, and diseases) between the old and new worlds FROM Americas: gold, silver, sugar, dyes, cotton, vanilla, hides from livestock, potatoes, coffee, corn, tomato, beans, squash, chocolate, and tobacco FROM East: horses, cattle, pigs, chickens, spices, jewels, silk, carpets, ivory, leather and perfumes

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51 Impacts of ExplorationChanging ecosystems: bringing over cattle~overrunning the joint Changing nutrition: bring over fruits and such~changes the normal diet; more nutritious and varied

52 Impacts of Exploration:Deepened European rivalries between nations: Religious rivalries brought over to America (Spanish and French Catholics; Dutch and English Protestants) Economic rivalry: Mercantilism: a nations’ power based on its $$$ Rulers competed to increase their nation’s total wealth by getting gold and silver Led to competition for overseas territories that could provide valuable resources, such as gold and silver or raw materials

53 So who was the most powerful country?Portugal led the way early on, but was too small to maintain all colonies, so Spain moved in and took control of Philippines Treaty of Tordesillas did not allow claims by other nations, but England, France and the Netherlands ignored this Treaty.

54 English and Dutch They both move into India and create the Dutch East India Company Dutch move into New Netherlands Henry Hudson looked for sea route and discovered Hudson River Sailed up river to Albany Discovered Hudson Bay (thought it was Pacific) Crew rebelled and Hudson, his son and a few sailors sailed adrift in a small boat and were never seen again.

55 Henry Hudson

56 English and Dutch English created colonial empire in North AmericaJohn Cabot: Italian man He was looking for northern route to Asia He sailed for England; explored the eastern coast of North America

57 French Jacques Cartier sailed up St. Lawrence River and named a peak Mont-Royal—today called Montreal The French viewed North America as an opportunity for fishing and fur trade (rather than a place to settle Samuel de Champlain established a settlement in Quebec to trade fur with the Natives Canada became a colony

58 Jacques Cartier Samuel de Champlain