1 The Biology of Behavior(8-10% of the AP Exam)

2 Before we start. . . Lots of website to help you review.

3 The Neuron Basic info Structure

4 Trans parency

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6 The Electrochemical ProcessThe neuron is adapted for sending and receiving signals. This is done within and between neurons. HOW?

7 Within the cell, the nature of the neural impulse is electrical.All-or-nothing Principle Impulse along the axon is called axonal transmission

8 The nature of the neural impulse is electrical.The neuron at rest is more negative inside the cell membrane relative to outside the membrane. The resting neural potential is about -70 mV. The resting potential results from the selective permeability of the membrane, the presence of electrically charged particles called ions near the inside and outside surfaces of the membrane and resulting concentration and electrical gradients. The sodium potassium pump and blocking of ionic channels by calcium ions help maintain the resting potential.

9 The nature of the neural impulse is electricalWhen sufficiently stimulated (to threshold) a net flow of sodium ions into the cell occurs (along with the movement of potassium ions out). The potential rapidly reverses its polarity to typically +40mV very briefly. The brief change in potential is call the action potential. This neural impulse travels down the length of the axon to the axon terminals.

10 The nature of the neural impulse is electricalThe more intense a stimulus, the more frequent a neuron fires. A brief period of time, called the refractory period, follows the polarization changes during which the neuron is resistant to a retriggering of an action potential.

11 The chemical process is via neurotransmittersDozens of chemicals have been identified that perform different functions in the brain.

12 Basic NeurotransmittersAcetylcholine (ACh) Controls skeletal muscles Contributes to the regulation of attention, arousal and memory Some ACh receptors are stimulated by nicotine

13 Dopamine (DA) Contributes to control of voluntary movement, pleasurable emotions Decreased levels associated with Parkinson’s Disease Overactive at DA synapses associated with schizophrenia Cocaine and amphetamines elevate activity at DA synapses

14 Contributes to modulation of mood and arousalCocaine and amphetamines elevate the activity at NE synapses Norepinephrine (NE)

15 Serotonin Involved in regulation of sleep and wakefulness, eating and aggression Abnormal levels may contribute to depression and OCD Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs affect serotonin circuits

16 Serves as widely distributed inhibitory transmitterValium and similar antianxiety drugs work at GABA synapses Gamma-aminobutyic acid (GABA)

17 Endorphins Resemble opiate drugs in structure and effect Contribute to pain relief and perhaps to some pleasurable emotions

18 The communication between cells is chemical.More about that. . . Lock and Key Excitatory and Inhibitory Increases the likelihood that neuron will fire Decreases the likelihood that neuron will fire Agonist and Antagonist A chemical that mimics the neurotransmitter A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter Reuptake Process by which neurotransmitters are sponged up from synapse by the presynaptic membrane

19 The Reflex Arc Types of sensory receptors (get information from the environment). There are four types . . . The simplest form of a behavior is called a reflex. We need to know the basic types of neurons. Mnemonic is SAME (sensory-afferent, motor efferent). Take a look

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22 HOW LONG DOES THIS TAKE? ACTIVITY WITH REACTION TIME.

23 Fun with neurons Fuzzy Neuron Field Trip Preparation (look up terms) Field Trip AV The Mind #5 Endorphins The Mind #5 Neuron 1:30

24 Fantastic Website!!! http://www.g2conline.org/20223-D brain and neuron for explanation and study

25 The Brain Structure and Function

26 Organization of the BrainHow can we describe the brain? Neural tissue description(the look) Location description(the place)NAT GEO photo gallery

27 General divisions of the nervous systemPeripheral Nervous System (PNS) Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System

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30 Central Nervous System (CNS) Spinal Cord The BrainReptilian Brain Old Mammalian Brain New Mammalian Brain (Neocortex)

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33 Localization of function of the human brainStructure and Function, Structure and Function Subcortical areas Structure and Function

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35 Neocortex The look The lobes

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37 A review NAT GEO web site for review Brain Surgery

38 Let’s Look Into Your Brain!

39 How do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?

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42 Lateralization of function of the human brainSplit Brain- although similarly located both cerebral hemispheres generally have similar functions, but. . . There are some differences or lateralization of functions shown to exist How did scientist figure this out???

43 Roger Sperry According to Dr.Sperry, the brain has two hemispheres with different but overlapping functions. The right and left hemispheres of the brain each specialize in distinct types of thinking processes.

44 Left and Right Brain Specialization

45 http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/split- brain/index.html

46 How is this studied? Electrical stimulation PET scansCerebral vascular accidents (strokes), injury or lesioning Left/Right Side neglect Split brain patients Drugs affecting half of brain Dichotic listening

47 Michael Gazzinga Over the course of several decades, a major focus of his research has been an extensive study of patients that have undergone split-brain surgery that have revealed lateralization of functions across the cerebral hemispheres. Split brain Paitent

48 Left Hemisphere SpecializationSpeech and Language Functions Wernicke’s Area Broca’s Area Angular gyrus Contralateral representation

49 Right Hemisphere SpecializationSpatial Functions (patterns (gestalten), visual configurations, color discrimination) Musical Functions Contralateral Representation

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51 The Brain #6 Language and Speech #7 Plasticity #8 Visual Imaging Processing

52 Hemispheric DysfunctionBroca’s Aphasia Example (3 mins) Wernicke’s Aphasia example (4 mins) Anomic Aphasia Global Aphasia Developmental Dyslexia

53 Plasticity Chudler/plasticity See Hand out The Brain 7 minsQUICK THINK: Plasticity

54 Windows to the Brain Brain Imaging Techniques Investigative AssignmentSee Hand Out Investigative Assignment Web search by Courtney Denton Plano ISD

55 Windows on the Brain The Greeks Franz Gall Brain Damage – Phineas GageLesion (ablation) Imaging Techniques

56 The Greeks Hippocrates Galen 460-377 BCEEmotions, thought and mental health arise from the brain CE Fluids in the brain ventricles were responsible for sensations, reasoning, judgment and memories

57 Gall’s Contribution

58 American Phrenology Journal

59 Phineas Gage A railroad construction worker in Vermont in Dynamite blew a tamper rod through his eye and out his skull. Remarkably, he survived, but was never the same. Once considerate and friendly, he was now overbearing and indecisive. Theory: executive control system in prefrontal cortex was damaged. #25 Phineas Gage Warren Museum Harvard Medical School Boston MA Let’s start with a sad but famous case

60 Lesions Cutting of brain tissue Ablation – destroy brain tissue(Essentially these are the same thing) Do we do this today?

61 Some cool guys Cajal Golgi Penfield Hess

62 Golgi’s Contribution (1872)

63 Cajal’s Contribution: Discrete cellsNeurons, not a continuous net

64 Wilder Penfield Electrode into brain to map motor cortex 1952

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66 Walter Hess Electrode deeper in brain to discover function of hypothalamus and “start-stop eating” function 1955

67 Brain Imaging TechniquesThe are now many, highly specific methods to see into your brain. Assignment to follow will help you discover the techniques used today. As an introduction. . .

68 More modern approachesEEG CAT MRI and fMRI PET MEG SPECT DTI

69 EEG Transmit electrical activity (brain waves)

70 CAT or CT scan Computerized axial tomography- computerized image of x-rays

71 MRI Magnetic resonance imaging – magnetic field to develop image of the brain

72 fMRI Functional MRI – detect the use of oxygen in the brain

73 PET Positron emission tomography- slightly radioactive solution injected to see metabolic activity in imaged part of the brain

74 MEG Magnetoencephalography- detect activity too brief to be detected by PET or MRI

75 SPECT Single photon emission computerized tomography- tracks cerebral blood flow as an indicator of neural activity in a specific region of the brain

76 Diffusion Tensor ImagingAn MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water within a cell to yield an image of axons and neural tracts

77 Investigative AssignmentBrain Imaging and web search Courtney Denton Plano ISD

78 Brain Dysfunction oke_of_insight.html Ted talks and strokes

79 The Endocrine System!!!! Chemical messengers telling the body what to do

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81 The Endocrine System We rarely think about the endocrine systemHowever, it influences almost every cell, organ and function of our bodies It is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue functions, metabolism, sexual functions and reproductive processes

82 The Endocrine System Integration and control is achieved through interaction of the nervous system with the endocrine system of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones. Endocrine v. exocrine systems

83 Endocrine glands secrete “within” the body See remaining lecture notes Exocrine glands secrete “outside” of the body Sweat glands Salivary glands Tear glands

84 A brief introduction The endocrine system 3 mins

85 Comparison of endocrine and nervous systemEndocrine Glands Secrete hormones directly into the blood stream Endocrine transport may take minutes to hours Endocrine effects are typically long lasting BOTH interact with specific receptors on or in the target cells Neurons (Nervous System) Neurons transmit signals over neural networks (generally speaking) Nervous control may take a fraction of a second to minutes Neural effects are short lived There is overlap between systems!!

86 The foundations of the endocrine systemGlands Hormones

87 Glands A group of cells that produce and secrete chemicalsA gland selects and removes materials from the blood, processes them and secretes the finished chemical product for use somewhere in the body

88 Hormones – the chemical messengers of the body3 types Steroids Peptides or proteins Amino acid derivatives Small amounts Rapidly degraded

89 Specialized function of the endocrine glandsPineal gland Pituitary gland- Hypothalamus Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Ovaries and Testes

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91 Discussion topics How about synthetic hormones? Hormonal disorders?