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2 The Chemistry of Carbon = Chemistry of Life3.2: Carbon Compounds All of the many compounds can be classified in TWO broad categories: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. The Chemistry of Carbon = Chemistry of Life

3 CARBON ORGANIC Containing mostly ……They are covalently bonded to another carbon atom and to other elements as well typically hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

4 II. Carbon’s Bonding BehaviorA. Outer shell of carbon has ____ electrons; but can hold ____ B. Each carbon atom can form __________ bonds with up to _________ atoms 4 8 covalent four

5 rings chains Functional groupsCarbon atoms can form _______________ or ______________ ______________ can project from the ring or chain rings chains Functional groups

6 Examples of Functional Groups ---gives propertiesHydroxyl group - OH (alcohol) Amino group - NH3+ Carboxyl group - COOH Phosphate group - PO3- Methyl group - CH3

7 F. Carbon’s tendency to _______________ results in an enormous variety of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon can share two or even three pairs of electrons with another atom     a) SINGLE BOND - A bond formed when two atoms share ONE pair of electrons.     b) DOUBLE BOND - Atoms share TWO pairs of electrons.     c) TRIPLE BOND - Atoms Sharing THREE pairs of electrons. STRONGEST!!! bond with itself

8 C C

9 IV. LARGE CARBON MOLECULESLarge Carbon Compounds are built up from smaller simpler molecules called _______________ (building blocks) (MONO = ONE) B. Monomers can bind to one another to form complex molecules known as _________________ (POLY = MANY) C. A Polymer consist of repeated, linked units, forming large polymers called ______________________ (MACRO = LARGE) MONOMERS POLYMERS MACROMOLECULES

10 V. Types of Reactions Condensation Reaction 2. HydrolysisAKA-Dehydration Synthesis 2. Hydrolysis

11 1) Condensation Reactions (Dehydration Synthesis)  small to biga) Monomers link to form ______________  and water is produced. -H2O is a by-product of the reaction c) Enzymes remove from one molecule, from another Water is held together by a polar covalent bond MAKE A CHAIN< MAKE IT RAIN!!!! polymers -OH H

12 CONDENSATION (dehydration synthesis)enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4a, p. 37

13 2) Hydrolysis (hydro-lys-is)a) The _________________ of complex molecules, such as polymers b) SPLITTING of a WATER molecule to ADD -OH group and an H  bonds break that hold polymers together PUT THE WATER BACK IN!!!!! BREAKDOWN

14 enzyme action at functional groupsHYDROLYSIS enzyme action at functional groups Fig. 3.4b, p. 37

15 DO NOW: Turn to front of notes and do the first set(a-h), match left side to right side  recap from Way back when….. Thursday/Friday

16 PENCIL 3.3 MOLECULES OF LIFEFour categories of organic (Biochemical) compounds: Organic means…….containing _______!!! Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids PENCIL

17 Human Body CHON! Oxygen 65% Carbon 18% Hydrogen 10% Nitrogen 3%Calcium % Phosphorus % Sulfur % Sodium % Chlorine % Magnesium Iron % CHON!

18 What is the difference between structural formula and molecular formula?Molecular Formula: H2O The way it is written formula describing its molecules Structural Formula: H – O – H The way it looks (arrangement) Mickey mouse

19 1. Carbohydrates: sugars and starches contain C, H, and O in the ratio of CH2O -carbo (C) hydrate (H2O) a) monomers of sugars (simple sugars) - “1” Sugar 1:2:1 Monosaccharides

20 ISOMER quick energy Carbo load!!!!1) eg: Glucose (manufactured by plants) Fructose (found in fruits) Both are C6H12O6 ( remember CH2O) - If end in –ose……probably a sugar 2) ____________: has the same molecular formula but a different structural formula 3) Used for _______________________ ISOMER quick energy Carbo load!!!!

21 b) Disaccharides – two sugar C6H12O6 + C6H12O6  C12H22O11 + H2OWhat type of reaction?? dehydration synthesis – combining of 2 monomers (monosaccharides) by squeezing out a H20 1) EXAMPLES of disaccharides sucrose (glucose + fructose = table sugar) maltose (2 glucose) 2) bond between two monosaccharides is called a ___________________ bond C-O-C 3) a disaccharide contains __________energy than the two units it is composed of (bc of bond) glycosidic more

22 Anyone Lactose intolerant

23 Polysaccharides glucose macromolecule starch glycogenc) _________________ – 3 or more monosaccharides complex carbohydrates, starches, cellulose, chitin 1) most abundant of carbohydrates (pasta, bread) 2) thousands of _____________ units bonded together by dehydration synthesis = type of: ____________________________ 3) energy storage molecules plants = animals = “animal starch” glucose macromolecule starch glycogen

24 Glycogen animals muscle liver breakdown glucoseSugar storage form in _____________ Large storage in _______ and _______ cells -STABLE LEVEL OF INTERNAL CONDITIONS? When blood sugar decreases, liver cells _____________ glycogen, releasing a _____________ to increase blood sugar. (What reaction?) muscle liver breakdown glucose

25 ReCap Monomer of a sugar (one sugar)? Two sugars? Many sugars?Bond name holding monomers of sugar together? How do we break apart a polysaccharide? Humans store sugar as? (animal starch)

26 2. Lipids water alcohol A) Composed of C, H, and Ob) Ratio of C to H to O higher than in carbohydrates c) Defined based on their solubility: 1) they are insoluble in ___________ 2) they are soluble in ____________ Primary function – to store large amounts of energy (twice as much energy as carbs and proteins due to all the CARBON-HYDROGEN BONDS water alcohol

27 e) Secondary functions of lipids: structural componentseg. phospholipids - major building block in cell membranes 2. "messengers" (hormones) that play roles in communications within and between cells 3. insulation and padding

28 fatty acids Monomers of Lipids are:The fatty acids are composed of linked CH2 units fatty acids

29 Fatty Acids. building blocks of: LipidsFatty Acids building blocks of: Lipids (fats, waxes, phospholipids, but not sterols) 1) Carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end Methyl (CH3 ) group at the other end 2) Carbon (CH2) backbone (up to 36 C atoms)

30 Single Saturated - __________ bonds between carbons _________ at room temperature 5) Unsaturated – One ________ bond (bent) ________ at room temperature Polyunsaturated – more than one __________ bond (really bent) _________ at room temp. solid double liquid double liquid

31 Three Fatty Acids stearic acid oleic acid linolenic acid S PU U

32 9) Phospholipids Main components of cell membranesPhosphate group Main components of cell membranes Has a phosphate group and two fatty acids

33 Phospholipid Bilayer

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35 10) Waxes Long-chain fatty acids linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings Firm consistency, repel water Important in water-proofing Ex: earwax

36 3. Nucleic Acids nucleotides DNA strand  Includes DNA and RNAWhat are the monomers of nucleic acids? DNA strand  nucleotides

37 DNA  deoxyribonucleic acidHolds genetic info Double stranded RNA ribonucleic acid Holds instructions to make proteins Single stranded

38 Nucleotide Structure made up of Three Parts:1) Sugar Ribose or deoxyribose 2) Phosphate group 3) Nitrogen Base -A, T, G, C, U

39 ATP - A Nucleotide A special nucleotidebase three phosphate groups sugar

40 Adenosine TriphosphateATP Adenosine Triphosphate = ATP - energy currency of cell A. Temporarily stores large amounts of energy in phosphate bonds B. Regulates many biological pathways C. is made in a process called cellular respiration

41 D. ATP is a monomer of __________ made up of three componentsnucleic acids 1) = nitrogen containing base Adenine

42 2) = 5 carbon sugar Ribose What is ribose’s molecular formula?What is the ratio again…..

43 3) 3 inorganic phosphate groups

44 How ATP releases ENERGYphosphate When break a ______________ group off by _________________ It becomes  _______ (adenosine DIphosphate And ___________________ energy hydrolysis ADP releases

45 Adenosine diphosphateII = ADP A. Adenine - ribose- P ~ P B. When the last phosphate group is released from ATP, ADP is formed. ATP ----> ADP P energy

46 Recap!! Monomer of Nucleic acids are…..Name the three groups in one monomer… Nucleic acids primary function is to …… What process puts these monomers together to form long chains…. What process breaks down ATP for energy…..

47 4. Proteins A. Most complex and important substances in living organisms B. Composed of C, H, O, N Monomer of a protein is: amino acid

48 Types of Proteins: 1) structural (makes up) – parts of cells, tissues, collagen and elastin 2) movement – in muscle; myosin and actin 3) hormones – insulin and growth factor 4) transport – hemoglobin 5) defense – immunoglobin 6) enzymes – largest group of proteins; regulate reactions (organic catalyst)

49 E. Amino Acid R group – 20 different kinds with distinct propertiescarboxyl group R group – 20 different kinds with distinct properties

50 1) Properties of Amino Acidsa) Determined by the “R group” b) there are 20 different Amino Acids

51 where are the R groups? valine (val) tyrosine (tyr) lysine (lys)glutamate (glu) glycine (gly) where are the R groups? valine (val) phenylalanine (phe) methionine (met) proline (pro) Fig. 3.12, p. 42

52 2) Protein Synthesis A Protein is a chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N-C) Peptide bond: Type of covalent bond Links amino group of one amino acid with carboxyl group of next Forms through condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)

53 C - N - C newly forming polypeptide chain Fig. 3.14, p. 43

54 The sequence (arrangement) of amino acids If there are only 20 amino acids, how are there so many types of proteins? The sequence (arrangement) of amino acids The kinds of amino acids present The number of amino acids in a protein

55 Protein Synthesis Two linked amino acids = dipeptideThree or more amino acids= polypeptide Protein – two or more polypeptide chains

56 Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) 56

57 Protein Shapes Globular proteins Fibrous proteinsPolypeptide chains arranged as strands or sheets Globular proteins Polypeptide chains folded into compact, rounded shapes

58 Denaturation Disruption of three-dimensional shapeBreakage of weak bonds Causes of denaturation: pH Temperature Destroying protein shape disrupts function

59 Substrate reactant being catalyzed Lock and Key mechanism Enzyme is present at beginning and end of reaction!!! A + enzyme B+C active site B A C ES complex substrate enzyme enzyme products

60 Answer the following: What carbohydrate is energy storage in plants?What do 2 amino acids make? What reaction holds 2 monomers together? What lipid has 3 fatty acids and a glycerol? Why are some hormones lipids? What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide? What part of an amino acid differs? What can cause an amino acid to denature?