1 The Eastern Mediterranean, 500-1000Chapter 8 The Eastern Mediterranean,

2 Learning Objectives: Questions to ConsiderIn what ways did Emperor Justinian seek to codify Christian belief? How did the spread of Islam in the eighth century change the religious and political landscape of the Mediterranean? What concerns did Byzantine emperors have about the use of icons in religious worship? What factors contributed to the growing divide between the two halves of the old Roman Empire?

3 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650The Ambitions of Justinian I (r ) Reconquest The Campaigns of Belisarius ( ) Success in North Africa and the Italian Peninsula Eastern Threats: Persia and the Slavs The Costs of Empire Ceremony Imperial Dignity Empress Theodora ( ) The Nika Riot, 532

4 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650The Search for Christian Unity Authority The Mystery of the Mass The Limitations of Laity Belief The Debate over the Nature of Christ The Condemnation of the Monophysites

5 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650The Codification of Roman Law The Body of Civil Law Family Law The Governance of the Patria Potestas Commerce The Regulating Power of Contracts

6 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650Constantinople: The New Rome The Grandeur of the Hagia Sophia The Epicenter of Commerce Bazaars The Ravages of Bubonic Plague

7 Justinian and the Revival of Empire in the East, 500-650The Empire after Justinian New Pressures Lombards in the West Avars in the East Heraclius (r ) Reforms and Stabilization Victory against the Persians

8 The Rise of Islam, 600-700 The Setting: the Arabian PeninsulaTrade and the Caravans The Coastal Plain and the Towns Mecca and the Importance of the Kaaba The Domination of the Quraysh Tribe

9 The Rise of Islam, 600-700 The Life of Muhammad (570-632) ConversionThe Recitations (Sura; the Basis for the Quran) The Spread of Muhammad’s Message Hostility in Mecca and Invitation to Medina The Hejira, 622 Muhammad’s Leadership and Death

10 The Rise of Islam, 600-700 Religious BeliefsSubmission and Obedience to God’s Will The Five Pillars of Islam One God—Allah Prayer Fasting During Ramadan Charity The Hajj, Pilgrimage to Mecca

11 The Rise of Islam, 600-700 Christians and Jews: People of the BookContrasts in Ideas and Practices of Authority Treatment of the Dhimmi Muslim Families The Practice of Polygamy Privacy, Protection, and Restrictions for Women The Harem, Seclusion, and Veiling Opportunities: Property Management and Moral Authority

12 The Expansion of Islam, 700-800The First Caliphs and Territorial Expansion The Umayyad Dynasty The Schism between Shi’ites and Sunnis The New Capital in Damascus, 661 Conquest of Persia and Byzantine Lands

13 The Expansion of Islam, 700-800Conquest in the West The Conversion of the Berbers Tariq ibn Ziyad (d. 720) and the Conquest of Gibralter Settlement in Africa and Iberia Defeat by the Franks at Tours, 732 The Abbasid Dynasty and the New Capital at Baghdad The Creation of the Caliphate at Cordoba

14 The Expansion of Islam, 700-800Islamic Civilization The Influence of Older Cultures and Traditions Art and Literature The Poetry of Abu Nuwas (ca ) Commerce and Urban Life The Promotion of Trade Cultural Unification and the Arabic Language

15 Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071Losses and Reforms Territorial Decline in the South and West The Loss of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt Military and Administrative Policies Constans II ( ) and the Creation of Themes Strengthening Defenses The Navy and Greek Fire The Cataphracts Creating Dissension

16 Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071The Waning of Byzantine Society Plague and Population Collapse The Decline of Education and Literacy The Controversy over Icons Leo III (r ) and the Initiation of Iconoclasm

17 Middle Byzantine Period, 600-1071Irene (ca ): From Regent to Empress Consolidating Power and Ending Iconoclasm A Reorientation to the North The Threat of the Rus Conversion through Missionaries Cyril (ca ), Methodius (ca ), and the Cyrillic Alphabet The Growing Muslim Threat in the South The Seljuk Turks and Manzikert, 1071