1 The Europeans Settle North AmericaUnit #1 The Europeans Settle North America Chapters 2—3, & Chapter 4 (Section 1)

2 SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North America during the 17th century.

3 SSUSH1 a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans (such as Powhatan), development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery.

4 The English Colonies Two Main Types of Colonies:Royal – under the direct control of the Crown (monarch of England) Proprietary – belonged to wealthy individuals or companies

5 Explain Virginia’s DevelopmentRoanoke- The first attempt by the England to settle North America (1585). Joint-Stock Company- A company formed which pools capital from investors for exploration, settlement, and profit. Sir Walter Raleigh

6 The Virginia Company Jamestown Established-In 1607, the colony was the first permanent English colony in North America. Jamestown Survives- Disease, manual labor, and swampland made the first two years difficult. Jamestown

7 The Virginia Company John Smith- Due to bad government near chaos, Smith was eventually elected president of the local council in September 1608. He instituted a policy of rigid discipline, strengthened defenses, and encouraged farming with this statement: "He who does not work, will not eat." John Smith

8 Jamestown, 1607

9 Reasons for Success/GrowthJamestown Disease especially Malaria from mosquitoes in swamps Hunger colonists too weakened by disease to farm War with Indians under Powhatan’s leadership Stake in the land colonists owned and worked their own land Tobacco Cultivation led by John Rolfe, wealth for England Free Land got 50 acres if your paid for your passage (or someone else’s) Reasons for Struggle Reasons for Success/Growth

10 Tobacco Cultivation John Rolfe- Saved Jamestown by planting tobacco.Pocahontas- Married John Rolfe. She helped Jamestown colonists plant tobacco. Pocahontas Rolfe & Pocahontas

11 Tobacco Cultivation cash crop-A crop grown for profit that saved the colonist in Jamestown. tobacco- Became the leading crop of Jamestown after 1612 and help create wealth for Virginia. The tobacco crop helped spawn a new wave of immigration into the colony. tobacco production

12 Virginia Date founded: 1607 (1st proprietary, 1624 royal)Founder/Group: Virginia Company Reasons for Settlement: gain wealth for England and help with England’s population growth Significant Facts: Jamestown (1607) Powhatan & Indian lands John Smith John Rolfe & Pocahontas tobacco cultivation House of Burgesses (1619) Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

13 Virginia’s Relationship with Native AmericansChief Powhatan- Leader of the Native American tribes in Virginia who fought the settlers of Jamestown. Eventually, Powhatan traded with Jamestown. Conflict in Virginia- Fighting between Virginians and Native Americans continued throughout the 1620s-1640s. Powhatan

14 Development of the House of Burgessesrepresentative government- A government in which the people elect their own officials. rights of citizens- Political philosophy in which the people have rights in which the government cannot take away.

15 Development of the House of Burgesses“salutary neglect”- The British government’s policy of letting the colonies govern themselves. House of Burgesses- Established in 1619 as the first representative government(as part of the governor and appointed council). House of Burgesses

16 Bacon’s Rebellion Indentured Servant-Immigrant from Europe who agreed to work in exchange for passage to North America. Following Bacon’s Rebellion, the number of indentured servants decreased dramatically.

17 Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon-Aristocratic leader of the 1676 rebellion in Virginia. Bacon’s Rebellion- Armed conflict over land disputes between settlers and Native Americans. The result was a large reduction of indentured servants. Proved that the poor citizens in the new world would not tolerate injustice from the wealthy citizens.

18 Bacon’s Rebellion Causes EventsForced onto less fertile lands in interior b/c of population growth War w/ Indians Gov. William Berkeley taxed heavily & gave money to wealthy Berkeley would not let settlers attack all Indians Settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon rebelled (1676) – burned Jamestown Bacon died & rebellion ended Causes Events Significance: showed poorer farmers would not put up w/ a gov’t that only helped wealthy

19 SSUSH1 b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g. King Philip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials.

20 The Stuart Dynasty Religious Dissent-Disagreement with an established church. Occurred in England during the reign of the Stuart Kings. James I Charles I Charles II James II

21 Describe the Settlement of New EnglandAnglican Church- England’s official church. Puritans- Opposed the rule of the Catholic Stuart Kings. Wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church of its Catholic rituals.

22 Describe the Settlement of New EnglandSeparatists (Pilgrims)- Religious group which wanted to separate from the Anglican Church. Left for North America and established the Colony of Plymouth in 1620. Arrival of the Mayflower (1620)

23 Describe the Settlement of New EnglandMayflower Compact (1620)- First effort of self-government in New England. Plymouth Colony- Established by the Pilgrims in 1619 and would eventually be consumed by Massachusetts Bay. Signing of the “Mayflower Compact”

24 Describe the Settlement of New EnglandJonathan Winthrop- Puritan minister who helped establish the colony of Massachusetts Bay in 1630. Wanted to create a “city upon a hill” to be a model society built on strict Puritan beliefs. Massachusetts Bay Colony- Established in 1630 as a model Puritan society. The large immigration of settlers to the colony was known as the “Great Migration” ( ). Winthrop

25 Religion in New EnglandPuritanism- Puritans followed the beliefs of John Calvin which called for them to lead moral lives through thrift, diligence, hard work, and strict codes. In Massachusetts, towns spread rapidly and were led by local leaders of the Puritan Church.

26 Religion in New EnglandChurch Leaders- Puritan leaders were not tolerant of outsiders and dissenting opinions of members. Those who dissented were usually banished form the colony.

27 New England GovernmentTown Hall Meetings- Conducted by local tax-paying citizens (males of property) to decide on issues. Massachusetts Legislature- Established by the local towns in an effort provide provincial leadership. In 1684, Massachusetts lost its charter and a new legislature was established. Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691.

28 New England Colonies The Colonies of New England-Four colonies made up the smallest of the three regions, but became one of the most populous region.

29 Religious Tensions Roger Williams-Dissenter who helped found the colony of Providence (Rhode Island) which became a haven for those who disagreed with strict Puritan Massachusetts. Anne Hutchinson- Dissenter who was banished from Massachusetts and helped found Rhode Island. Williams Hutchinson

30 Half-Way Covenant Church Membership-Began to decline and was challenged by new generations of Puritan offspring. Half-Way Covenant- Established partial membership into the Church for children and grandchildren of full members in an effort to keep members and attract new ones.

31 Salem Witchcraft TrialsIn 1692, several young girls claimed to be possessed by the devil. To protect the Puritan faith, trials were held to set an example and to find guilt for the accused. Condemned to Death- Eventually, 20 of the accused were condemned to death.

32 Relations with Native AmericansPeriod of Peace- Early relationships between the first settlers of Massachusetts and Plymouth were strengthened by peace and cooperation. Pequot War- War fought between the Pequot and Puritans over territorial expansion (1636—1638). King Philip’s War- Led by Metacom (King Philip) in 1675 as a result of the large number of settlers pushing Native Americans off their land.

33 SSUSH1 c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.

34 Explain the Development of the Mid-Atlantic ColoniesMaryland Toleration Act (1649)- Passed in 1649 by the Maryland assembly mandating religious toleration. The Calverts, who founded Maryland, needed to attract settlers to make the colonial venture profitable. In order to protect the Catholics from the immigrating Puritans and Protestants, the Calverts supported the Act Concerning Religion.

35 Explain the Development of the Mid-Atlantic ColoniesDiversity in the Region- The most culturally diverse region of the colonies due to multiple nationalities. The region relied economically on both commerce and farming. Philadelphia and New York became the two largest cities in the colonies. Inland rivers and heavy forests forged a closer relationship between Native Americans and colonists in the Middle Colonies.

36 The Dutch Settle New AmsterdamThe colony of New Netherlands was settled by the Dutch. In 1625, Dutch traders established New Amsterdam as their main trading post in 1625. The Dutch built a thriving trade system and farms along the Hudson River. Henry Hudson Half Moon

37 English Takeover of New AmsterdamNew York- King Charles II ordered the takeover of New Amsterdam in 1664. A small English fleet took the city without a fight from the Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant. The colony became a proprietary colony under the king’s brother (James, Duke of York). The colony and city were renamed “New York” in honor of the Duke. James (Duke of York) Peter Stuyvesant

38 The Settlement of PennsylvaniaWilliam Penn- Quaker whose father was owed a debt by King Charles II. In 1680, land was granted to begin a new colony west of the Delaware River. The city of Philadelphia was established as a capital and haven for a diversity of religious faiths. William Penn

39 The Settlement of PennsylvaniaThe Quakers- A religious faith in which followers sought an “Inner Light,” were pacifists, tolerant, and treated women as equals.

40 New Jersey & Delaware are EstablishedIn 1664, the area between the Hudson and Delaware rivers was granted colony status as New Jersey. The land was divided between Quakers in the south and Scots-Irish in the north. Delaware- Originally began as a Swedish colony (1638) and only prospered for two decades before being taken over by the Dutch in 1655 (and later, the English).

41 SSUSH1 d. Explain the reasons for the French settlement of Quebec.

42 The French Settle QuebecEarly Exploration- French explorers claimed areas along the northeastern Atlantic seaboard. Quebec became the first permanent French colony in North America. New France- France established posts around the Great Lakes extending down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.

43 The French Settle QuebecRelations with Native Americans- France established a lasting relationship with Native Americans due to small numbers of settlers in New France (c. 70,000 in 1754). Fur Trade Established- Due to many inland rivers and abundant forests, the French established a solid fur trade with Indians and many forts in the interior of the continent.

44 SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the economy and society of British America developed.

45 SSUSH2 a. Explain the development of mercantilism and the trans-Atlantic trade.

46 The Development of Mercantilism and Trans-Atlantic TradeEconomic system in which nations grow stronger by exporting more goods to other nations than importing goods from other nations (a positive “balance of trade”). Trans-Atlantic Trade- Colonies were designed to produce raw materials which were sent to England to be made into goods. Navigation Acts (1650—1654)- Passed by Parliament in an effort to control trade as the colonies could only trade with England or pay a tax.

47 SSUSH2 b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African population, and African-American culture.

48 Establishment of the CarolinasCarolina Colony- The colony was founded in 1670 in honor of Charles II. Charles Town was established as the provincial capital. The colony was divided into North and South in 1691 and became profitable selling tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton. In 1729, the colony became a royal colony.

49 Establishment of GeorgiaJames Oglethorpe- Founded Georgia as a proprietary colony (colony controlled by investors) for debtors. The colony also served as a buffer between profitable South Carolina and Spanish Florida. Slavery and alcohol were originally prohibited. In 1752, Georgia became a royal colony. Oglethorpe

50 Establishment of GeorgiaColonial Savannah Colonial Savannah

51 The Slave Trade Triangular Trade Routes-The demand for African slaves increased the number of slaves in route to the Americas. Slaves were brought across the Atlantic to the Americas. Ships crossed the Atlantic and returned to Africa with goods to be used to purchase slaves.

52 The Middle Passage Middle Passage-The forced transportation of African slaves aboard cramped ships caused suffering and inhumane treatment.

53 The Development of Slaveryslave system- System in which Africans were brought to the Americas to perform laborious work (primarily agriculture in the South). Following Bacon’s Rebellion (1676), the number of slaves arriving to the colonies increased dramatically.

54 The Development of Slaveryplantation system- Large self-sufficient farms used grow one or more cash crops for profit. Found primarily in the Southern Colonies.

55 African Populations Growth of Slavery- Slavery expanded during the 1600s and 1700s as the demand for plantation agriculture expanded in the Southern colonies. Many slaves did not share the same culture (language or religion) creating a mix of cultures in slave communities.

56 Slave Culture The Culture of Slavery-The life of slaves was determined by the colonial region. In the South, slave life was spent harvesting crops and agricultural products. In the North, slaves worked in cities and could earn an income to pay for their freedom.

57 SSUSH2 c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and individualism.

58 Benjamin Franklin Ben Franklin-Epitomized the colonial spirit of social mobility and individualism. Franklin was a scientist, political statesmen, printer, and writer of American literature. Poor Richard’s Almanac.

59 Benjamin Franklin Albany Plan of Union-1754 Attempt made by Ben Franklin to organize the colonies under one government. No colony accepted the terms in the plan fearing the loss of autonomy.

60 Social Mobility & IndividualismThe ability to move from one social status to another. In Europe, land was limited and status was well-defined making social change almost impossible. In the Americas, land was plentiful and status was less defined making social change allowable. Individualism- The belief that hard work will bring success.

61 SSUSH2 d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.

62 The Great Awakening Great Awakening-Religious movement which featured passionate preaching from evangelical leaders. It called on colonists to return to faith and embraced revivals. The “Awakening” encouraged colonists to think for themselves on religious matters and ensured the principles of freedom of religion and the separation of church and state.

63 The Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards-Massachusetts religious leader of the Great Awakening who preached salvation through fiery sermons (e.g. “Sinners in he Hands of and Angry God”). George Whitfield- Great Awakening leader who traveled throughout the colonies delivering fiery sermons of the Gospel.

64 SSUSH3 a. Explain how the end of the Anglo-French imperial competition as seen in the French & Indian War and the Treaty of Paris (1763) laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.

65 The French & Indian War Land & Resources-The competition for land, resources which was fueled by mercantilism brought the British and French in North America into conflict.

66 The French & Indian War Ohio Valley-Area was claimed by both by the Colony of Virginia and the French. War was sparked when Colonel George Washington led a group of Virginia militia into the region to lay claim to the land. Colonel George Washington

67 The French & Indian War Battle of Fort Necessity (Ohio Valley)-The first shot broke out in July 3-4,1754 which resulted in the death of a French officer sparking increased tensions. Washington surrendered the fort and returned to Virginia. Battle of Fort Monongahela (Ohio Valley)- Fought on July 9, 1755 which resulted in a British retreat and the death of British General Edward Braddock.

68 The French & Indian War French & Indian War (1754-1763)-War fought for dominion of North America between the French and the British, their Native American Allies, and colonists. Allies- Both the British and French had developed a network of Native American allies.

69 The French & Indian War

70 The French & Indian War Early French Victories-France won early victories against British forts and outposts in New York. British Victories- Under the leadership of William Pitt and King George III, the British assembled a large army and defeated the French at Montreal and Quebec City.

71 The French & Indian War Treaty of Paris of 1763-Officially ended the war and granted Britain claim to Canada. Result of the War- Britain’s victory came with a high cost of the war and managing new territorial gains in Canada.

72 SSUSH3 b. Explain colonial response to such British actions as the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act (1765), and the Intolerable Acts (1774) as seen in the Sons of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence.

73 English Ideas about GovernmentMagna Carta (1215)- A document in which English nobles forced King John to sign. It limited the king’s ability to tax, it made him seek consent of the nobles to levy new taxes, and guaranteed due process. English “Common Law”- The compiling of laws over time which has established tradition and the rules to govern England and its colonies. King John & the Nobles

74 English Ideas about GovernmentParliament- Britain’s bicameral (two-house) legislature which makes law. The House of Commons originally was designed to represent the majority of people (poor and middle classes). The House of Lords originally represented the interests of the wealthy aristocracy. Parliament

75 English Ideas about GovernmentGlorious Revolution- In 1688, the English King James II abdicated (gave up) his thrown and fled to France. The new Protestants monarchs agreed to sign the English Bill of Rights which restated many rights granted by the Magna Carta. William & Mary

76 English Ideas about GovernmentEnlightenment- Period in European history in which reason and logic were used to figure problems and answer questions about life. It was led by political thinkers such as John Locke who believed that individuals were destined to be free. In the American colonies, Ben Franklin professed the same beliefs. John Locke

77 Post-War Politics Whig Ideology-The “Whigs” were those who opposed King James II and championed Parliamentary government. Following the end of the French & Indian War, Whig ideology became complacent and ineffective.

78 Parliament Action Sugar Act of 1764- Lowered the tax on sugar.Authorized “custom” officials and courts to prosecute smugglers. Stamp Act of1765- Taxed all paper products - legal documents, business records, etc. Specified that taxes be paid in "hard money” and would drain all coinage from the colonies. British Stamp

79 Parliament Action Currency Act of 1764-Prohibited the use of paper money in all the colonies. Quartering Act of1765- Law requiring the housing of British troops in the colonies. The act was aimed at New York which housed the military leadership and nearly 10,000 soldiers.

80 Colonial Response John Adams-Massachusetts lawyer and political writer who opposed the taxes and regulation of Parliament in colonial affairs. Eventually rose to become a delegate to the First Continental Congress. John Adams

81 Colonial Response Patrick Henry-Virginia representative who wrote the Virginia Resolves in 1765 which argued that only colonial assemblies could tax, not Parliament. Patrick Henry

82 Colonial Response Non-Importation Agreements-The boycott of British consumer goods by colonists who opposed the Stamp tax. Boycott- Occurs when consumers refuse to buy goods.

83 Townshend Duties Townshend Acts of1767-Levied taxes on goods such as lead, paint, glass, paper, and tea. Suspended New York Assembly. Created a Board of Customs Commissioners. Set up additional Vice-Admiralty Courts in the Colonies. The duties would collect taxes for the Crown and increase regulation in Colonies. Charles Townshend

84 The Sons of Liberty Sons of Liberty-Political action group made up of colonists opposed all new taxes and regulations by the British. Sam Adams- Bostonian and political agitator who led the Sons of Liberty. John Hancock- Businessman and smuggler of goods into New England who led the Sons of Liberty. Sam Adams John Hancock

85 Reactions to the Townshend Acts“Boston Massacre”- In March of 1770, a group of colonists provoked British soldiers who fired into a crowd killing five colonists. Committees of Correspondence- Organized by Sam Adams as a communication network between the colonies promoting cooperation and unifying colonists. “Boston Massacre” Engraving by Paul Revere

86 Colonial Crisis Gaspee Affair-A British revenue schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water, on June 9, 1772 off the coast of Rhode Island while chasing the packet boat Hannah. In an act of defiance, the ship was attacked, boarded, stripped of valuables and torched by American patriots. H.M.S. Gaspee

87 Colonial Crisis “Boston Tea Party”-Parliament’s continued support for the monopoly on British tea forced further boycotts. On December 16, 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty boarded three British East India ships and dumped tea into Boston Harbor. “Boston Tea Party”

88 The “Intolerable” ActsCoercive Acts of 1774- Parliament passed as the Coercive Acts: Closed the port of Boston. Instituted a military governor of Massachusetts (General Thomas Gage). Initiated martial law in Boston. Disallowed town meetings. Allowed for a strict enforcement of the Quartering Act. General Thomas Gage

89 The Colonies Meet First Continental Congress-Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia (September, 1774) to discuss the crisis in Massachusetts as a result of the Intolerable Acts. Congress wrote to the king that they had a right to government themselves since they were not represented in Parliament. The First Continental Congress met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (1774)

90 Preparing for War Militia- Citizen-Soldiers trained to fight.Minutemen- Militia ready to fight at a moments-notice. March on Concord- Gage sent troops to: (1) capture Hancock and Adams, and (2) capture stock piles of weapons and munitions.

91 The Battles of Lexington & ConcordApril 19, 1775- Americans were told of a secret march to Concord. Three men (including Paul Revere) rode into the night to warn of the march. The British marched and confronted 70 minutemen on Lexington “Green.”

92 The Battles of Lexington & ConcordFighting broke out when a “shot ‘heard round the world” sparked a war. Concord- The British arrived at Concord and began burning the town and began to march back to Boston.

93 The Battles of Lexington & ConcordThe Return March to Boston- As soldiers marched back to Boston, Minutemen (using the trees for cover) began firing into British lines. Orderly soldiers began to run back to Boston and nearly 200 were killed or wounded. The American Revolution began and would last eight years.