1 The experiences of people with functional needs in times of disasters: Results from the 2013 Sendai grass-root assessment workshop Presentation for UNU-IAS Fukushima Global Communication Programe Panel WCDRR2015: “Disaster Risk Reduction and the Transition from Response to Recovery” Sendai, March 16, 2015 Shigeo Tatsuki Department of Sociology, Doshisha University

2 Background of the ProblemMiyagi PWD died at a rate almost twice higher than the general population

3 PWD Mortality Rate in Miyagi Prefecture: Two Times Higher Than General PopulationTatsuki, S. (2013). Old Age, Disability, and the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, Earthquake Spectra, 29(S1), pp. S403–S432.

4 PWD Institutionalization Rates among Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima PrefecturesIwate Miyagi Fukushima Tatsuki, S. (2013). Old Age, Disability, and the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, Earthquake Spectra, 29(S1), pp. S403–S432.

5 Multiple Regression of PWD MortalityTotal Population Casualty Heavier Immediate Damage and Loss among PWD were socially constructed. 1.129*** Proportion of Inundated Area 0.041 *** Proportions of 65 yr old + and Agriculture/Fishery 0.631 *** PWD Mortality Tsunami Arrival Time *** Adjusted R2=.968 *** Proportion of Institutionalized PWD Tatsuki, S. (2013). Old Age, Disability, and the Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, Earthquake Spectra, 29(S1), pp. S403–S432.

6 Research Question: What about life difficulties for Surviving PWDsWhat difficulties did PWD experience due to the disabilities? Were the difficulties caused due to their impairments or to socially constructed reasons? If the difficulties were the social production, what can a society do in order to solve the problems?

7 Disability in Social ContextWHO(2002). The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, ICF

8 Disability & Disaster in Social ContextFixed Fixed Fixed WHO(2002). The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, ICF

9 Sendai PWD Grass-Roots Assessment Workshop October 14, 2013

10 Method: Grass-Roots Assessment WorkshopParticipants: 41 PWD from 16 different disability organizations (people with visual, auditory, speech, physical, mental, developmental/intellectual disabilities, with internal organ disorders, and with paraplegia and quadriplegia) Procedure: Asked life difficulties after 0hr, 10hr, 100hr, 1,000hr (Hayashi, 2003) after the event Instrument: ICF or International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (WHO, 2002) Body Functions (b), Body Structure (s), Activity and Participation (d), and Environmental Factors (e)

11 ICF Activity/Participation & Environment DomainsActivities &Participation (d) Learning & Applying Knowledge General Tasks & Demands Communication Mobility Self-Care Domestic Life Interpersonal Interactions & Relationships Major Life Areas Community, Social & Civil Life Environmental Factors (e) Products & Technology Natural Environment & Human- Made Changes to Environment Support & Relationships Attitudes Services, System & Policies

12 Results: ICF-By-Time Phase Cross-Tabulation

13 ICF Category-By-Time

14 ICF Category-By-Time 67%

15 ICF Category-By-Time 67% 90%

16 ICF Category-By-Time Life difficulties arose due to social changes made by the disaster and NOT due to the impairments of PWD 67% 90%

17 Proportions of ICF categories by disaster time phase

18 Correspondence Analysis of ICF-By-Time Phase Cross-Tabulated Data→ Assign each ICF and Time Phase Category a set of numerical weights in a small (i.e., two dimensional) space

19 Correspondence Analysis of Cross-Tabulated Datax x x x4 ｙ1 y2 y3 : y13 y14 F = η (Correlation Ratio) : : : : 　 η 2 = SS b SS t (2) 𝐹 ′ 𝐹𝒙= 𝑘𝜂 2 𝐷𝒙 (3) F = (1)

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21 Medicine・Equipment・Car・Phone Ｘ Toilet・lay down・keep cleanＸMove to a Shelter Reasonable Accomodatio Ｘ LifelineＸ Cleaning Applying for Victim Assistance Programs Formal Helper Ｘ Psychological Stress about Future

22 Conclusion: Functional Needs & Corresponding Actions