1 The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860Chapter 15 The Ferment of Reform and Culture, Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

2 Reviving Religion 1850: church attendance = regular3/4 of population attended Many relied on Deism reason rather revelation Rejected original sin of man denied Christ’s divinity believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order similar to a clockmaker Put everything in order and let it run

3 Reviving Religion Unitarian faith begins (New England)believed God existed in only 1 person not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature believed in free will salvation through good works pictured God as a loving father appealed to intellectuals with rationalism & optimism

4 The Second Great Awakening“Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality Temperance Education Abolitionism Asylum & Penal Reform Women’s Rights

5 The Benevolent Empire Definition: A broad ranging campaign of moral & institutional reform inspired by Evangelical Christian ideals & created by middle class men & women. In the 1820s “benevolence” became a seminal concept in American spiritual thinking during the Second Great Awakening

6 Reviving Religion 2nd Great Awakening tidal wave of spiritual fervorResults? prison reform church reform temperance movement (no alcohol) women’s rights movement, abolition of slavery movement in 1830s spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings” East went to the West to Christianize Indians

7 Second Great Awakening Revival Meeting

8 Reviving Religion 2nd Great Awakening (continued) Peter CartwrightMethodists & Baptists stressed personal conversion democracy in church affairs emotionalism Peter Cartwright best known of the “circuit riders” or traveling preachers Charles Grandison Finney greatest revival preacher, led massive revivals in Rochester, NY

9 “soul-shaking” conversionCharles G. Finney (1792 – 1895) The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation. “soul-shaking” conversion R1-2

10 Denominational DiversityThe revival furthered fragmentation of religious faiths New York, with its Puritans, preached “hellfire” and was known as the “Burned-Over District” Millerites (Adventists) – predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, 1844 When prophesy failed to materialize, movement lost credibility.

11 The “Burned-Over” District in Upstate New York

12 Denominational DiversitySecond Great Awakening widened lines between classes the region (like 1st Great Awakening) conservatives were made up of: propertied Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians the less-learned of the South the West (frontier areas) usually Methodists or Baptists

13 The Mormon Experience Joseph Smith (founder) believed God had singled him out to receive a special revelation of divine truth—The Book of Mormon.

14 The Mormon Experience: Joseph SmithOrganized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Affirmed traditional patriarchal authority     Encouraged hard work, saving of earnings, & entrepreneurship    Started a church-directed community intended to inspire moral perfection.

15 The Mormon Experience Mormons eventually settled in Nauvoo, Illinois, & became the largest utopian community in America Resentment toward the Mormons turned to overt hostility when Smith refused to abide by some Illinois laws He asked that Nauvoo be turned into a separate federal territory Declared himself candidate for president.

16 The Mormon Experience Smith believed in polygamy—having more than one wife at a time. 1844: Smith was murdered in jail after being arrested for trying to create a Mormon colony in Mexico.

17 The Mormon Experience Led by Brigham Young, the Mormons settled in the Great Salt Lake Valley Planned agricultural communities across present- day Utah (then part of Mexico)

18 The Mormon Experience Mormons who did not support polygamy remained in the U.S., (led by Smith’s son) they formed the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. The “Mormon War” Was a bloodless encounter President James Buchanan was afraid that if he tried to eliminate polygamy it might set a precedent that could be used to end slavery

19 The Mormon Experience Mormons in Utah & the Midwest succeeded because:They reinvigorated the patriarchal family, endorsed private ownership of property Accepted the entrepreneurial spirit of a market economy They renounced polygamy & dropped overt political agenda.

20 Because of their unorthodox religious views & communal solidarity, Mormons faced hostility first in New York & then in Missouri & Illinois. Following the murder of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led the polygamist faction of Mormons into lands thinly populated by Native American peoples. From Omaha, the migrants followed the path of the Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and then struck off to the Southwest, settling in Mexican territory along the Wasatch Mountains in the basin of the Great Salt Lake in present-day Utah.

21 Free School for a Free PeopleTax-supported, compulsory (mandatory), primary schools was opposed (thought to be a hand-out to paupers) Gradually, support rose uneducated “brats” might grow up to be rabbles with voting rights Free public education, triumphed in 1828 Part of the democratization of Jackson era Teachers = ill-taught & ill-trained

22 Free School for a Free PeopleHorace Mann fought for better schools Known as the “Father of Public Education” School = too expensive for many communities blacks were mostly left out from education Important educators = Noah Webster (dictionary & Blueback Speller); William H. McGuffey — McGuffey’s Readers)

23 Religious Training  Secular EducationFree school for a Free people Religious Training  Secular Education MA  always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools. By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

24 Horace Mann ( ) “Father of American Education” children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs R3-6

25 The McGuffey Eclectic ReadersUsed religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety) R3-8

26 Women Educators Troy, NY Female Seminarycurriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers Emma Willard ( ) 1837  she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women. Mary Lyons ( )

27 Higher Goals for Higher Learning2nd Great Awakening led to the building of small schools in South & West (mainly for pride) curriculum focused = Latin, Greek, Math, moral philosophy 1st state-supported university = the Univ. of North Carolina, in 1795; Jefferson started University of Virginia next UVA was to be independent of religion or politics women were thought to be corrupted if too educated That’s why they were excluded Libraries, public lectures, and magazines flourished

28 An Age of Reform reformers opposed: In favor of women’s rightsTobacco Alcohol Profanity In favor of women’s rights Middle-class women = important in motivating these reform movements

29 Penitentiary Reform Dorothea Dix( ) 1821  first penitentiary founded in Auburn, NY R1-5/7

30 Dorothea Dix Asylum 30

31 Demon Rum—The “Old Deluder”drunkenness was widespread The American Temperance Society formed at Boston (1826) “Cold Water Army” (children) signed pledges made pamphlets Wrote an anti-alcohol novel called 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There

32 Demon Rum—The “Old Deluder”Attack on the demon drink adopted 2 major lines attack stressed temperance (individual will to resist) legislature-removed temptation - Neal S. Dow becomes the “Father of Prohibition” sponsored Maine Law of prohibited making & sale of liquor (followed by others)

33 Women in Revolt 19th century women stayed homeNo voting rights American women were generally better off than in European women many women avoided marriage altogether becoming “spinsters”

34 Early 19th Century Women Unable to vote. Legal status of a minor.Single  could own her own property. Married  no control over her property or her children. Could not initiate divorce. Couldn’t make wills, sign a contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

35 “Separate Spheres” Concept“Cult of Domesticity” A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside). Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family. An 1830s MA minister: The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and her character becomes unnatural!

36 Women’s Movement Led by Lucretia Mott Susan B. AnthonyElizabeth Candy Stanton Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate) Margaret Fuller the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates) Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts)

37 Angelina Grimké Born in the south to a prominent slaveholding family, Angelina Grimké moved to the north to distance herself from an institution she hated. When she discovered that northerners were no more sympathetic about the plight of slaves than southerners and would not give abolition a free hearing, she chose to do something about it. She toured the northeast, speaking first to groups of women and then to large mixed audiences. She capped her tour by becoming the first woman to address the Massachusetts state legislature. Her courage won new respect both for abolitionists and for women. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

38 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and sons, 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton posed in 1848 with two of her sons, Henry Jr., left, and Neil. Stanton, one of the organizers of the Seneca Falls Woman's Rights Convention, traveled widely and agitated for women's equality while raising five children. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

39 Women’s Movement The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention (1848)held in NY major landmark in women’s rights Declaration of Sentiments written in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence said that “all Men and Women are created equal” demanded ballot for women launched modern women’s rights movement

40 What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own Way!

41 Utopian Communities

42 Wilderness Utopias Robert Owen Brook Farm – Massachusettsfounded New Harmony, IN (1825) it failed in confusion Brook Farm – Massachusetts experiment (1841) where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until ‘46) Most major authors of the era spent some time at Brook Farm

43 “Village of Cooperation”Robert Owen ( ) Utopian Socialist “Village of Cooperation”

44 Original Plans for New Harmony, IN

45 New Harmony, IN

46 Brook Farm West Roxbury, MAGeorge Ripley ( ) Brook Farm West Roxbury, MA

47 Wilderness Utopias Oneida Community —practiced free love, birth control, eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring survived ironically as a capitalistic venture, selling baskets and then cutlery.

48 John Humphrey Noyes (1811-1886)The Oneida Community New York, 1848 Millenarianism --> the 2nd coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer had to follow the moral rules of the past. all residents married to each other. carefully regulated “free love.” John Humphrey Noyes ( )

49 Wilderness Utopias Shakers – (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn’t marry so they became extinct

50 Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784) The ShakersIf you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in the regeneration, God will cleanse you from all unrighteousness. Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries. If you improve in one talent, God will give you more. R1-4

51 Shaker Meeting

52 Shaker Hymn 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free, 'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be, And when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'Twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, To turn, turn will be our delight, 'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

53 Shaker Simplicity & Utility

54 The Dawn of Scientific AchievementEarly Americans- interested in practical science rather than pure science (i.e., Jefferson and his newly designed plow). Nathaniel Bowditch – studied practical navigation and oceanography Matthew Maury - ocean winds, currents

55 The Dawn of Scientific AchievementThe most influential U.S. scientists… Benjamin Silliman ( ) - pioneer in chemistry geologist (taught in Yale) Asa Gray ( ) Harvard, was the Columbus of botany John Audubon ( ) painted birds with exact detail

56 The Dawn of Scientific AchievementMedicine in the U.S. - primitive i.e., bleeding used for cure for smallpox, yellow fever it killed many Life expectancy = low Self-prescribed patent medicines = common usually mostly alcohol & often harmful local surgeon = local barber or butcher

57 Artistic AchievementsU.S. traditionally imitated European styles of art aristocratic subjects, dark portraits, stormy landscapes = Greek revival Gothic forms also gained popularity T. Jefferson = most able architect of his generation Monticello and University of Virginia Artists viewed as a wasters of time suffered from Puritan prejudice of art as sinful pride Gilbert Stuart ( ) - painted Washington and competed with English artists

58 Artistic AchievementsCharles Willson Peale ( ) painted 60 portraits of Washington John Trumbull ( ) captured the Revolutionary War in paint in dramatic fashion Nationalism upsurge after War of 1812 painters portrayed human landscapes & Romanticism Music: “darky” tunes became popular Stephen Foster wrote Old Folks at Home (AKA Suwannee River, his most famous)

59 The Blossoming of a National LiteratureLiterature was imported or plagiarized from England Americans poured literature into practical outlets i.e. The Federalist Papers, Common Sense (Paine), Ben Franklin’s Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanack) literature = reborn after the War of Independence & especially after War of 1812

60 The Blossoming of a National LiteratureThe Knickerbocker group in NY wrote the first truly American literature Washington Irving ( ) 1st U.S. internationally recognized writings, The Sketch Book James Fenimore Cooper ( ) – 1st US novelist, Leatherstocking Tales (which included The Last of the Mohicans which was popular in Europe) William Cullen Bryant ( ) – Thanatopsis, the 1st high quality poetry in U.S.

61 Trumpeters of TranscendentalismLiterature dawned in the 2nd quarter of 19C transcendentalist movement (~1830) clashed with John Locke (who argued knowledge came from reason) Believed truth came not by observation alone, from with inner light stressed individualism, self-reliance, & non-conformity

62 Trumpeters of Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emersontranslated vague ideas into examples that made sense to ordinary middle-class Americans Believed that all nature was saturated with the presence of God Criticized the new industrial society, predicting that it would drain the nation’s spiritual energy ideal of his essay, Self Reliance, reflected the spirit of the U.S. Influenced Henry David Thoreau

63 Trumpeters of Transcendentalism: Henry David Thoreaucondemned slavery and wrote Walden: Or life in the Woods also wrote On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, which was idealistic in thought forerunner of Gandhi & then Martin Luther King Jr. said it is not wrong to disobey a wrong law

64 Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) “The American Scholar” (1837)Transcendentalist Intellectuals/Writers Concord, MA Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Nature (1832) Resistance to Civil Disobedience (1849) Self-Reliance (1841) Walden (1854) “The American Scholar” (1837) R3-1/3/4/5

65 Trumpeters of Transcendentalism: Walt Whitmana teacher, journalist, & publicist for the Democratic Party 1855: published Leaves of Grass recorded his attempts to pass a number of “invisible boundaries.” did not seek isolation but rather perfect communion with others celebrated democracy as well as himself arguing that a poet could claim a profoundly intimate, mystical relationship with a mass audience.

66 Glowing Literary Lights (not associated with transcendentalism)Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote poems popular in Europe such as Evangeline John Greenleaf Whittier poems that cried against injustice, intolerance, inhumanity James Russell Lowell political satirist who wrote Biglow Papers Oliver Wendell Holmes The Last Leaf

67 Glowing Literary Lights (not associated with transcendentalism)Women writers Louisa May Alcott with transcendentalism wrote Little Women Emily Dickinson wrote of the theme of nature in poems Southern literary figure William Gillmore Simms - “the cooper of the south”; wrote many books of life in frontier South during the Revolutionary War

68 Literary Individualists and DissentersEdgar Allan Poe wrote “The Raven” and many short stories invented modern detective novel and “psychological thriller” was fascinated by the supernatural & reflected a morbid sensibility (more prized by Europe)

69 Literary Individualists and Dissentersreflections of Calvinist obsession with original sin & struggle between good & evil Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter (psychological effect of sin) Herman Melville - Moby Dick, and allegory between good & evil told of a whaling captain