1 The Growth of Industry The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s in Britain.  It was a period during which machinery and technology changed how people worked and produced goods.  The Industrial Revolution took hold in the United States in New England around  Rivers and streams provided waterpower to run machinery in factories.  New England was near needed resources, such as coal and iron from Pennsylvania and therefore had an advantage. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-5

2 The Growth of Industry (cont.)New England shipped cotton from the Southern states and sent the finished cloth to markets throughout the nation.  Capitalism played a large part in the development of different industries.  People put up capital, or their own money, for a new business in the hopes to make a profit, too.  With the growth of industry came free enterprise.  People are open to buy, sell, or produce anything of their choosing as well as work wherever they want. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-6

3 The Growth of Industry (cont.)Competition, profit, private property, and economic freedom are all aspects of a free enterprise.  New England had workers to handle the growth of industry. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-7

4 The Growth of Industry (cont.)The Industrial Revolution could not have taken place without the invention of new machines and new technology or the scientific discoveries that made work easier.  Britain created machinery and methods that changed the textile industry with inventions such as the spinning jenny, the water frame, and the power loom.  Most mills were built near rivers because the new machines ran on waterpower.  In 1785 the steam engine provided power for a cotton mill. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

5 The Growth of Industry (cont.)In the United States, many new inventions were created.  In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.  One worker using the machine could clean cotton as fast as 50 people working by hand.  The patent law passed in 1790 protected the rights of people who created inventions.  A patent gives an inventor the sole legal right to the invention and its profits for a certain period of time. (pages 306–308) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-9

6 New England Factories Samuel Slater took over a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, where he was able to copy the design of a machine invented by Richard Arkwright of Britain that spun cotton threads.  Slater memorized the design while in Britain, came to the United States in 1789, and established Slater’s Mill.  Lowell’s Mill, another textile plant in Waltham, Massachusetts, was established in 1814. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-11

7 New England Factories (cont.)The factory system, or bringing manufacturing steps together under one roof, began here.  This was an important part of the Industrial Revolution because it changed the way goods were made and increased efficiency. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-12

8 New England Factories (cont.)The technology of making interchangeable parts made it possible to produce may types of goods in large quantities.  It also reduced the cost of manufacturing goods.  In 1798 Eli Whitney devised this method to make 10,000 rifles in two years for the United States government.  He was able to make huge quantities of identical pieces that could replace one another. (pages 308–309) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-13

9 Agriculture Expands In the 1820s, more than 65 percent of Americans were farmers.  In the Northeast, farms were small and the produce was sold locally. (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-15

10 Agriculture Expands (cont.)In the South, cotton production greatly increased with the development of the textile industry of New England and Europe.  Enslaved workers planted, tended, and picked the cotton.  With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton could be cleaned faster and cheaper than by hand, so farmers raised larger crops.  Between 1790 and 1820, cotton production went from 3,000 to 300,000 bales a year. (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-16

11 Agriculture Expands (cont.)In the West, farmers north of the Ohio River raised pork and cash crops such as wheat and corn.  Some Southern farmers also moved west to plant cotton. (page 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-17

12 Economic IndependenceMerchants, shopkeepers, and farmers put some of the money they earned back into their businesses to try to earn larger profits.  Businesses that needed more money had to borrow it from banks.  The charter for the First Bank of the United States expired in  In 1816 Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States. (pages 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-19

13 Economic Independence (cont.)It had the power to establish a national currency and to make large loans.  It helped strengthen the economic independence of the nation. (pages 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-20

14 Economic Independence (cont.)Cities and towns grew as a result of the growth of factories and trade.  Many developed along rivers and streams to use the waterpower.  Cities such as New York, Boston, and Baltimore became centers of commerce and trade.  Towns such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville became profitable from their proximity to major rivers. (pages 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-21

15 Economic Independence (cont.)Cities and towns did not look like those today.  Buildings were wood or brick.  Streets were unpaved.  Animals roamed freely.  Because there were no sewers, the danger of diseases such as cholera and yellow fever grew.  Fires could spread easily and could be disastrous. (pages 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-22

16 Economic Independence (cont.)Cities offered many types of shops, jobs, a steady income, and cultural opportunities.  Many people left their farms and moved to the cities for the city life. (pages 310) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-23

17 Moving West In 1790 most of the nearly 4 million people of the United States lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and near the Atlantic coast.  In 1820 the population had more than doubled to about 10 million with almost 2 million living west of the Appalachian Mountains.  Travel west was difficult.  A pioneer family faced many hardships along the way. (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

18 Moving West (cont.) Good inland roads were needed. Private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads.  In 1803, when Ohio became a state, it asked the federal government to build a road to connect it to the East.  Congress approved a National Road to the West in 1806, but because of the War of 1812, roadwork stopped.  The first section from Maryland to western Virginia opened in 1818, and years later it reached Ohio and then on to Illinois. (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

19 Moving West (cont.) Some people traveled along the rivers, loading all their belongings onto barges.  Travel was more comfortable by boat than on bumpy roads.  Some difficulties were that:  traveling upstream, against the flow of the current, was slow and difficult  most major rivers flow in a north-south not east-west direction (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

20 Moving West (cont.) Steamboats provided a faster means of river travel.  In 1807 Robert Fulton built the Clermont, a steamboat with a newly designed powerful engine.  The 150-mile trip from New York to Albany was shortened from 4 days to 32 hours.  Steamboats improved the transport of people and goods.  Shipping became cheaper and faster. (pages 314–317) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

21 Moving West (cont.) River cities such as Cincinnati and St. Louis also grew. (pages 314–317) Section 2-9

22 Canals Traveling the existing river system would not tie the East with the West, so a New York business and government group planned to link New York City with the Great Lakes region by building a canal.  This artificial waterway across New York State would connect Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

23 Canals (cont.) The 363-mile canal, called the Erie Canal, was built by thousands of workers.  A series of locks to raise and lower ships to different water levels was used to move ships along the canal where water levels changed. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

24 Canals (cont.) Early on, steamboats could not use the canal because their powerful engines might damage the embankments.  Teams of mules and horses on the shore pulled the boats and barges.  In the 1840s, the canal’s banks were reinforced to accommodate steam tugboats. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

25 Canals (cont.) As a result of the success of the Erie Canal, by 1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals.  They lowered shipping costs and brought growth and prosperity to towns along their routes.  These canals also helped unite the country, tying the East and West together. (pages 317–318) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-14

26 Western Settlement Four new states–Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio–were admitted to the Union between 1791 and 1803, but only one new state, Louisiana, entered during the next 13 years.  After the War of 1812, a second wave of westward expansion began.  Between 1816 and 1820 five western states were created: Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri. (page 319) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-16

27 Western Settlement (cont.)People tended to settle in communities along the rivers and with others from their home communities.  Indiana was settled mainly by people from Kentucky and Tennessee.  Michigan’s pioneers came mainly from New England. (page 319) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-17

28 Western Settlement (cont.)Life in the West included social events such as wrestling and pole jumping for men and quilting and sewing parties for women.  Both men and women gathered for cornhusking.  Life in the West did not have conveniences of Eastern town life. (page 319) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-18

29 The Era of Good FeelingsJames Monroe won the 1816 presidential election easily.  He had been involved in national politics since the American Revolution. (pages 321–322) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

30 The Era of Good Feelings (cont.)The Federalist Party was almost nonexistent, but its programs gained support.  Political differences seemed to disappear during this Era of Good Feelings, and Monroe’s presidency also symbolized the era.  He traveled around the nation as far south as Savannah and as far west as Detroit.  In 1820 Monroe was reelected, receiving all but one electoral vote. (pages 321–322) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

31 Sectionalism Grows Regional differences soon surfaced, and the Era of Good Feelings disappeared.  People felt a strong tie to the region in which they lived.  This promoted sectionalism, or loyalty to a region. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

32 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)Differences arose over slavery and national policies.  Slavery was opposed in the North and protected in the South.  National policies–such as tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements, or federal, state, and privately funded projects to develop the nation’s transportation system–were not accepted in all regions of the Union. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-9

33 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)John Calhoun, a planter from South Carolina, was the spokesperson from the South.  Early on he favored support for internal improvements, developing industries, and a national bank.  In the 1820s, he backed state sovereignty, or the belief that states should have power over the federal government, and was against high tariffs. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

34 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)Calhoun said high tariffs raised the prices of manufactured goods planters could not produce themselves and tariffs protected unproductive corporations. (pages 322–324) Section 3-11

35 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)Daniel Webster was first elected to Congress in 1812 to represent New Hampshire.  In later years, he represented Massachusetts in the House and Senate.  He began his career as a supporter of free trade and the shipping interests of New England. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-12

36 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)In time he began to favor the Tariff of 1816, which protected American industries from foreign competition, and other policies that would strengthen the nation and help the North.  He became known as a great orator when, as a senator, he spoke in defense of the nation. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

37 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)Henry Clay of Kentucky, a leader who represented Western states, became Speaker of the House in  He served as a member of the group who negotiated the Treaty of Ghent to end the War of  Clay became known as the national leader who tried to resolve sectional disputes and conflicts through compromise. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

38 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)The Missouri Compromise reached in March 1820 tried to preserve the balance between the North and the South.  The South wanted Missouri, part of the Louisiana Purchase, admitted as a slave state, and the North wanted Missouri to be a free state.  Maine’s statehood was also discussed. (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

39 Sectionalism Grows (cont.)The Compromise stated that:  Missouri would be admitted as a slave state  Maine, still part of Massachusetts, was to be admitted as a free state  slavery was to be banned in the remaining part of the Louisiana Territory north of the 36°30’N parallel (pages 322–324) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-16

40 The American System Henry Clay proposed a program called the American System in  He felt that all regions of the nation would benefit from his program:  a protective tariff  a program of internal improvements, especially building roads and canals to stimulate trade  a national bank to promote one national currency and to lend money to build industry (pages 324–325) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-18

41 The American System (cont.)Not everyone agreed.  Thomas Jefferson thought that the American System favored the wealthy manufacturing classes of New England.  The South agreed with Jefferson and did not see how it would benefit from the tariff or internal improvements.  Congress adopted some internal improvements and created the controversial Second Bank of the United States. (pages 324–325) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-19

42 The American System (cont.)The Supreme Court heard several cases that involved sectional and states’ rights issues.  McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819 involved the issue of whether or not the state of Maryland had the right to impose a tax on the Second Bank of the United States, a federal institution.  Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Maryland did not have the right to tax the Bank because it was a federal institution.  The federal government can coin money, but the Constitution does not mention paper money. (pages 324–325) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-20

43 The American System (cont.)Also, the Constitutional Convention voted against giving the federal government the authority to charter corporations, including banks.  In the case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Supreme Court said that states could not enact legislation that would interfere with congressional power over interstate commerce. (pages 324–325) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-21

44 Foreign Affairs President Monroe signed two agreements to resolve long-standing disputes with Britain.  The first was the Rush-Bagot Treaty, signed in  It set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes.  It also provided for the disarmament, or removal of weapons, along the border between British Canada and the United States. (pages 325–326) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-23

45 Foreign Affairs (cont.)The second was the Convention of 1818, in which the official boundary of the Louisiana Territory was set at the 49th parallel and became a demilitarized zone, one without armed forces.  America also was given the right to settle in the Oregon Territory. (pages 325–326) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-24

46 Foreign Affairs (cont.)When General Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish East Florida in April 1818 and took control of two Spanish forts, he went beyond his orders to stop Seminole raids on American territory.  The Spanish minister to the United States, Luis de Onís, protested and Secretary of War John Calhoun said that Jackson should be court-martialed.  Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed. (pages 325–326) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

47 Foreign Affairs (cont.)Spain signed the Adams-Onís Treaty in 1819, in which Spain gave East Florida to the United States and gave up claims to West Florida.  In return the United States gave up claims to Spanish Texas and agreed to pay $5 million that American citizens claimed Spain owed them for damages.  The border between the United States and Spanish possessions in the Northwest was extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42nd parallel and then west to the Pacific. (pages 325–326) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-26

48 Foreign Affairs (cont.)The United States gained a large piece of territory on the Pacific northwest as a result of this treaty. (pages 325–326) Section 3-26

49 Latin American RepublicsSpain faced challenges within its empire in North America.  In 1810 Miguel Hidalgo led a rebellion in Mexico calling for racial equality and redistribution of land.  The Spanish defeated his forces and executed him.  In 1824 Mexico gained its independence but not the social or economic changes. (pages 326–327) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-23

50 Latin American Republics (cont.)Simón Bolívar, the “Liberator,” led an independence movement in the northern region of South America.  Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Bolivia, and Ecuador won independence.  José de San Martín led an independence movement in the southern region in which Chile and Peru won their independence. (pages 326–327) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-24

51 Latin American Republics (cont.)By 1824 Spain liberated most of South America.  What remained of the Spanish Empire consisted of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and some Caribbean islands. (pages 326–327) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-25

52 Latin American Republics (cont.)The Monroe Doctrine, issued on December 2, 1823, served to protect North America from increased European involvement.  It stated that the United States would not interfere with any existing European colonies in the Americas, but it would oppose any new ones.  When the doctrine was issued, the United States did not have the military power to enforce it.  However, it became and has remained an important part of American foreign policy. (pages 326–327) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-26