1 The Human Body: An Orientation
2 The Human Body—An OrientationAnatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function
3 Anatomy—Levels of StudyGross anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 14.1
4 Anatomy—Levels of StudyMicroscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4c–d
5 Levels of Structural OrganizationSmooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1
6 Levels of Structural OrganizationMolecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 1
7 Levels of Structural OrganizationSmooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 2
8 Levels of Structural OrganizationSmooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 3
9 Levels of Structural OrganizationSmooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 4
10 Levels of Structural OrganizationSmooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 5
11 Levels of Structural OrganizationSmooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardio- vascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules Figure 1.1, step 6
12 Maintaining Life: Necessary Life functions of organismsCellular organization Reproduction Universal Genetic Code Grow and Develop Obtain and use materials and energy Respond to environment Change over time
13 Necessary Life FunctionsMaintain boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and absorption of nutrients
14 Necessary Life FunctionsMetabolism—chemical reactions within the body Produces energy Makes body structures Excretion Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
15 Necessary Life FunctionsReproduction Produces future generation Growth Increases cell size and number of cells
16 Survival Needs Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell buildingIncludes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions
17 Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weightProvides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure Must be appropriate
18 Interrelationships Among Body SystemsFigure 1.3
19 Homeostasis Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable internal environmentA dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis is necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
20 Variable (in homeostasis)Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4
21 Variable (in homeostasis)Figure 1.4, step 1a
22 Variable (in homeostasis)Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 1b
23 Variable (in homeostasis)Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 2
24 Variable (in homeostasis)Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Receptor (sensor) Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 3
25 Variable (in homeostasis)Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 4
26 Variable (in homeostasis)Input: Information sent along afferent pathway to Control center Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to activate Receptor (sensor) Effector Change detected by receptor Response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis Stimulus: Produces change in variable Imbalance Variable (in homeostasis) Imbalance Figure 1.4, step 5
27 Maintaining HomeostasisThe body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center
28 Maintaining HomeostasisControl center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus
29 Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedbackIncludes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat
30 Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedbackIncreases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this can occur during the birth of a baby
31 11 Organ Systems of the BodyQuickThink: Can your group name the 11 organ systems of the Body? Question Valued at 2 RPs!
32 VESI Group Peer TeachingEach group will chose an organ system to explain to the class. V- Visuals E-Explain in detail S- Summarize (1-2 sentences) I/ R- Questions Title: VESI: 11 Body Organ Systems You have 20 minutes to become experts on your system! Get to work!
33 Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body coveringProtects deeper tissue from injury Helps regulate body temperature Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a
34 Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organsProvides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b
35 Organ System Overview Muscular Produces movement Maintains postureProduces heat Figure 1.2c
36 Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control systemResponds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d
37 Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones GrowthReproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e
38 Organ System Overview CardiovascularTransports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f
39 Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vesselsCleanses the blood Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g
40 Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygenRemoves carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h
41 Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down foodAllows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i
42 Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastesMaintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j
43 Organ System Overview Reproductive Produces offspring Figure 1.2k–l
44 Lets Review What are some necessary life functions / survival needs of all organisms? Explain the Complementarity of structure and function. What is Homeostasis? Explain positive feedback ? Explain negative feedback?