1 The International Revolt Against Soviet Communism

2 Brezhnev dies in 1982

3 Yuri Andropov 16 months

4 13 months Konstantin Chernenko

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6 March 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev new head of government

7 Gorby feels the country needs a fundamental economic restructuring to overcome the stagnation that had developed

8 Perestroika – a modification of the centrally planned economyDecentralization Self-management for industry and agriculture Incentives for productivity

9 To succeed against the hard liners and bureaucrats he needed the support of the peopleWants to get their support by political change Glasnost or openness

10 Glasnost – the right to:*voice the need for change *criticize the government *reexamine past mistakes

11 Gorby’s gradual changes are not enoughWorried if he moves too fast he could end up like Krushchev He also knows he needs stronger measures

12 A large part of the free speech becomes criticism of GorbyEconomy is still bad Not giving enough freedom to the Republics Same group is still in charge

13 Republics putting lots of pressure on GorbyEthnic fighting took place between Armenia and Azerbaijan Baltic States remember the freedom before WWII and how 1/3 of their population was deported or killed

14 Gorby willing to set up council to study these matters, but can’t afford to make hardliners mad by doing more than that

15 Gorbachev and the West Gorby changes old image of USSR as promoter of world revolution Reduces troops in Eastern Europe Ends war in Afghanistan Negotiates arms reduction

16 Gorbachev encourages reform in the Eastern European nations, unaware how far this will goIron Curtain

17 Gorby supports détente and military reduction to easy the crippling cost of military spending and supporting other communist regimes

18 Changes in Eastern EuropeDétente caused more contact with the West Dissidents call for recognition of Human Rights guarenteed by Helsinki Accords

19 Economies had stagnated, with litte investment capital for new industries and a scarcity of consumer goods

20 Poland Poland was ruled strictly, even by communist standards:Used troops to put down strikes Persecuted church leaders 1968 began anti-semitic campaign

21 After food riots in 1970 a reform minded leader is put in placeThe economy improves due to western loans but shortly it deteriorates due to heavy debt To fight this more goods are exported at the expense of domestic production

22 1980 rising food prices cause strikes which begin in the shipyards of GdanskThe workers had formed a trade union called Solidarity

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24 The leader of the union was Lech WalesaSolidarity will grow to 10 million industrial and agricultural members The Church backs the union, which calls for free elections and a role for Solidarity in the government

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26 Under Soviet pressure the party installs General JaruzelskiJaruzelski imposes martial law, bans Solidarity and arrests its leaders

27 After the situation is calmed and Solidarity appears to be reduced, Jaruzelski eases the restrictions, inpart due to internal/external pressure

28 Labor still unhappy West supports Solidarity Walesa win Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 Church supports it too Among the most vocal Bishop, later Cardinal Karol Wojtyla

29 Pope John Paul II Bishop Wojtyla

30 By the late 80’s economy is still down and resentment is still upGorby’s reforms make it clear the Brezhnev doctrine is dead, and reform of the party itself is encouraged

31 1989 Jaruzelski sets up parliamentary elections with all parties able to run for office, but the communists are guaranteed a minimum number of seats Solidarity wins in a landslide Lech Walesa becomes president in 1990

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33 Hungary After 1956 Hungary ruled by Janos Kadar While keeping iron political control, Kadar moves away from centralized planning and uses the West for capital investments Hungary has a stronger economy than most of the Soviet Block

34 1988 Party looks for way to hold on to power in a changing worldDump Kadar, dismantle the party-state apparatus, dissolved the party(make a new socialist party) and encourage elections with multiple parties

35 The new leaders condemned those who called in the Soviets in 56Nagy’s body is exhumed from a mass grave and given a state funeral NAGY Nagy

36 Hungary allows East German in and opens border to Austria so people from East Germany can make their way to the West Tens of thousands of East Germans “vacation” in Hungary and move to West Germany

37 The flight of East Germans spurred a protest movement, with intellectuals, environmentalists and Protestant minister leading In an attempt to stabilize the situation the East German government opened the Berlin Wall November of 1989

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40 Instead of stabilizing the situation, it gives greater momentum and the communist government is swept aside and a reform government takes its place

41 The reform socialist government wants a democratic socialismCan’t fight overwhelming factors: *9 million from the East go to West Germany to see family and friends and shop in the more affluent West Most return, but bring desire to be united

42 Second, Helmut Kohl is a master politicianHe has a step by step plan that cooperates with East Germany He promises a one for one exchange of W. German marks for E. German

43 In the first election in EIn the first election in E. Germany the party aligned with Kohl’s Christian Dem. wins and calls for unification Groby agrees after Kohl promises not to develop WMDs and loan money to the Soviets

44 October 1990 the countries merge

45 Romania Ruled since 1965 by Nicolae Ceausescu with help from his family Ruled as a rigid autocracy supported by a large private security force Ceausescu built a cult of personality around himself

46 Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu

47 Ceausescu borrowed from the West to modernize – crippling his economy with dept paymentsAlthough in the Warsaw Pact, he broke with Moscow and did not always follow policy

48 He attempts to ignore the upheaval in 1989 but riots in the provinces forced him to actWhen the army would not kill the demonstrators, he sent his security force which killed hundreds

49 When word spread, there were demonstrations in the capitalSecurity forces battled the army and Ceausescu and his wife fled

50 They are caught, tried and executed by firing squad

51 November 1990 delegates from 22 European state plus the US and USSR agree to:Scale down their armed forces Affirm all existing borders were legal and valid

52 September 1991 President Bush cancelled the around the clock alert status for bombers

53 COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

54 Lithuania declares independence in 1990Gorby boycotts trade but won’t invade New constitution proposed, would abolish party’s monopoly on political power

55 Gorby gets elected President of USSR by Congress of People’s DeputiesThose who have lost faith in Gorby to reform look to President of the Russian Republic Boris Yeltsin

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58 August of 1991 Gorbachev is held in his vacation home by hardliners who want to take over the government The people take to the streets and rally around Yeltsin who denounces the coup and declares the rebirth of Russia

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60 Once the coup is stopped, Yeltsin as president of Russia declares the communist party outlawed and confiscates its property Yeltsin and his supporter proclaim Russia independent and rename it the Russian Federation

61 Other Republics also break away and the Soviet Union officially ceases on December 25, 1991USSR USSR

62 Yeltsin wants to create conditions that will prevent a return to communismThey decide on Economic Shock Therapy – immediate, massive conversion to a free market society

63 The government launched a rapid privatization of industryInflation increases prices 260% the first day Prices increase 26 times during 1992 Production down 20%

64 Why doesn’t this work? The few government monopolies become private monopolies that can control production and raise prices New entrepreneurs are often ex-KGB, party members and people of questionable backgrounds

65 An uneven distribution of wealthMoscow with 5% of Russia’s population has 80% of it’s wealth Peoples of Russia are disillusioned about capitalism and democracy

66 2000 Vladamir Putin is elected President

67 Putin turns back the clock – less political freedoms

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80 Putin argues that free market requires strong political rule to control corruptionRussian economy is aided by higher gas and oil prices

81 Yugoslavia Under Tito, Yugoslavia had been a federations of republics and regions under a centralized Communist rule After Tito’s death power began to shift to the republics which reverted to regional and ethnic conflicts, often grounded in WII

82 The fall of the Iron Curtain speeds the process upSerbian President Slobodan Milosevic wants to create a greater Serbia and intends to take land from other republics

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84 1989 Milosevic abolishes self rule in KosovoThis move causes Slovenia and Croatia to break from Yugoslavia in Serbs attack but only capture part of Croatia

85 Bosnia-Herzegovina rises up nextSerbs in Bosnia refuse to live under rule of more numerous Bosnian Muslims Ethnic Cleansing-each side attempts to establish ethnically homogeneous territories

86 Serbian Army and ‘irregulars’ cleanse territories of non-Serbian residents1995 Serbs over run Srebrenica, a Muslim city designated as a UN safe area – kill 7,400

87 Exhumed mass grave of victims of Srebrenica

88 1995 a deal is brokered by President Clinton that divided Bosnia with the border patrolled by UN troops

89 In Kosovo, Albanian Muslim had hoped for a return to self-rule1998 they form the KLA and fight for independence Serbian forces displace 250,000 people

90 In 1999 the West tells Milosevic to withdraw and give self-rule, but not independence, or he will be bombed Serbs respond by driving 850,000 into exile The West begins bombing

91 UN-NATO peacekeeping forces move inThe Serbian people vote Milosevic out of office In 2001 a new government turns Milosevic over to a War Crime tribunal in the Netherlands

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93 Wahhabism Mohammad ibn Abdul Wahhab (1703- 1792)Pure Islam- Elimination of innovation Basis for Saudi Arabia

94 Abdul Aziz Saud 1876-1953 Embraced WahhabismSeptember 22, The only modern state founded by Jihad

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96 Sayyed Qutb Qutb (1906-1966) Wrote Signposts BeliefsViolence against non-believers Radical Action to gain Power All impure governments must be overthrown

97 Qutb

98 Who supports Fundamentalism?*The Poor *Uneducated *Those who oppose the government

99 Why do they support it? *Failure of Pan-Arabism *Poverty See failure as result of leaving the straight path

100 How do they get support? *Oppose the government *Provide social services: Madrsas *Common enemy: US Israel

101 1979 Iran Ayatollah Khomeini assumes control Sets up Islamic state

102 Funeral of the Ayatollah

103 Afghanistan Mohammad Daoud- Seizes Power 7/17/1973He cracks down the Islamists. This creates resistance

104 Here They Come 12/24/1979 Soviet Union invades to support communist government

105 Mujahdeen Fighters in the Cause of God.Group of Many competing warlords. Pakistan and Saudi Arabia back Muslim Brotherhood Proxy fighters

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107 The Jihad The U.S. will back Afghan leaders such as Massoud and Haq.Stingers Missiles turn tide of the battle. Soviets in their ‘Vietnam’

108 Taliban Students of Islam or Seekers of KnowledgeTake over Afghanistan September 27, 1996 Institute strict Islamic laws