1 The Origins of NationalismThe French Revolution The Origins of Nationalism

2 Basic Timeline of History:BCE – 500 CE: Antiquity (EARLY HUMAN CIVILIZATIONS) 500 BCE – 500 CE: Classical Period (GREEKS & ROMANS) 500 – 1400 CE: Middle Ages Dark Ages, Feudal Era, Medieval Times 1300 – 1600 CE: Renaissance (REBIRTH) Also the time of Absolutism or ruling by Divine Right 1700’s: Enlightenment (AGE OF REASON) 1700’s – present Rise of the Nation State

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5 1452 – Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press1725 – Stereotyping invented in Scotland 1800 – The iron printing press is released

6 Background Info: Absolute Monarchies (Divine Right)Divine Right – “Chosen by God to Lead” Example - King Arthur, King Henry VIII, Louis XIV Louis XIV (Sun King) ( ) 72 years Built Versailles “I am the state!” Louis XV (1715 (age of 5) -1774) Weak ruler Caused people to question “absolutism” Lost the 7 Years War (and New France) Louis XVI ( ) – bro, 11 – dad, 13 – ma, 19 - gramps 1776 -American Rev = great debt (revenge for the 7 Years War) Married an Austrian (Marie-Antoinette) Guillotined

7 Historical Background Info:New Ideas Scientific Revolution – Copernicus (1530’s), Galileo 1620’s), and Newton (1700’s) Freedom, Reason, The Enlightenment Rousseau – “Man is born free”, Voltaire “I may not agree..”, Thomas Paine – “My own mind is my church”, Deism, Democracy – Brits/Americans Huge debt / unfair tax system Inequality in class system Crop failure! Famine Anger about royalty

8 The Main Players...

9 Louis XIV Louis XVI

10 Robespierre Marie Antoinette

11 The Palace of Versailles

12 The Hall of Mirrors

13 France Before the RevolutionModern Canada ·Democracy ·Elected by parliament ·Able to pass laws by majority vote ·Has consent of the people through elections ·Elected prime minister ·Voted by parliament ·Tax money spent only by elected officials ·Full freedoms and liberties guaranteed ·Collected from all people in a fair, efficient manner ·Lower tax rate for those who have the least money France before the Revolution ·Absolute ruler ·No elected officials ·King has absolute power to make most laws ·People not consulted ·King’s power due to “divine right” ·King spent money as he pleased ·No guarantee for Third Estate – vast majority of the people ·Corrupt system of tax collection ·Poor have heaviest burden BASIC THEORY OF GOVERNMENT POWER OF GOVERNMENT LEADER GOVERNMENT SPENDING LEGAL RIGHTS TAX SYSTEM

14 Had to pay almost all taxes1789 The Old Regime Membership Numbers Privileges / Burdens Concerns First Estate Churchmen (Clergy) 0.5 % of pop Exempt from taxation Eligible for prestigious positions Lower clergy sympathized with concerns of the Third Estate Second Estate Nobility 1.5 % of pop. Third Estate Everyone else 98 % of pop Had to pay almost all taxes Ineligible for prestigious positions Middle class wanted to share in power and status Peasants wanted relief from taxes and feudal dues

15 The Estates General Feudal institution not called since 1614Equal numbers of representatives of the 3 estates meet as estates One vote per estate Role was to give advice to the king The Third Estate hoped the king would hear their main complaints (cahiers)

16 The Estates General Aristocracy Bourgeoisie: Upper Middle ClassProletariate: Working Class

17 The Cahiers A constitution Equality of taxation Rights for citizensEnd to hunting rights of nobility More of a political voice

18 The Results of the Estates General3rd Estate demanded vote/head They are locked out of the Estates General Birth of the “National Assembly” Tennis Court Oath “We will create a fair constitution for France” The Revolution had begun!

19 The Tennis Court Oath The Tennis Court OathJune 20, Although the Third Estate were locked out of their meeting room they met in a tennis court. There were members of the 3rd Estate and some lower clergy involved. Members of the National Assembly promised not to disperse until France had a constitution. This was known as “The Tennis Court Oath.” The king order the National Assembly to disperse, the group had drawn a number of nobles and a majority of the clergy. On June 27, 1789 the king asked the 1st and 2nd Estates to meet with the National Assembly. The National Assembly was renamed the National Constituent Assembly

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21 Early Revolution Louis brings in the armyMobs loot food and seize fortresses (Bastille) Mob believed that the king was stockpiling weapons there and keeping many political prisoners imprisoned there demanded that the castle be turned over to them when the commander refused they opened fire the fort eventually falls to the mob and is torn down July 14, the day of the ‘Storming of the Bastille’ becomes France’s national holiday The Great Fear (nobility hoarding food?) THE VIOLENCE BEGINS!!!

22 The Revolution ContinuesFeudalism is abolished peasants are freed, nobles are stripped of titles The “Declaration of the Rights of Man” The Women’s March to Versailles Civil Constitution of the Clergy 10% land, state appoints clergy, the divide begins The 83 Departments and uniformity One: flag, currency, metric, new calendar, single language French Republican Calendar Royals are in trouble! (Secret Letters, Varennes, Treason, Abdicate) The National Convention French Republic formed, constitution sworn in

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28 The Old Regime The "New" Republic

29 UN - Universal Declaration ofDeclaration of the UN - Universal Declaration of Rights of Man Human Rights Men are free and equal Liberty, ownership of property, security  Nation is sovereign Limits to liberty determined by law Law is an expression of the general will Due process of the law Presumed innocent until proven guilty Freedom of religion Freedom of speech and the press  Only state police, not personal  Equal taxation Gov’t accountable to the public Separation of powers Right of property security All people are equal The right to own property Rule of law Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security Due process of law Presumed innocent until proven guilty Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Will of the people is the basis of a gov’ts authority Limits on rights must be pros by law Right to a nationality No discrimination based on race or ethnicity.

30 Did The Revolution Go Too Far? New Strategy – Force them to be freeRobespierre leads the NC Committee on Public Safety formed Guillotine invented Reign of Terror begins (20K in one year) Denouncing goes overboard (sans-culottes) Wars with neighbours 1793 – (Jan) Au Revoir, Louis… why? (Oct) – Adieu, Madame Deficit 1794 – The madness ends.. New Strategy – Force them to be free

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33 The Guillotine

34 The Effects of the RevolutionMore Pictures The Effects of the Revolution

35 The French Revolution 1789 1791 1792 1793 1795 - 1799 June 1789King Louis XVI call a meeting of the Estates General Monarchy is abolished -Louis and Marie imprisoned -National Convention comes into power, headed by Jacobins Constitution of 1795 is adopted. Directory is formed. Uncertainty and unrest face France for the next 5 years. June 20, 1789 The Third Estate forms the National Assembly, and vows to make a constitution at the Tennis Court Oath. 1789 1791 1792 1793 Constitution of 1791 is adopted. -Monarchy is given limited power. National Assembly is abolished. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to escape Jacobins emerge as most powerful group in National Assembly August, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man outlines citizen rights. Reign of Terror begins (June) -Maximilien Robespierre heads the Committee of Public Safety. -King Louis is declared guilty of treason and executed. Marie Antoinette is also executed.

36 The Big Questions: How did internal and external factors shape French nationalism? Outline positive and negative outcomes of the FR Make 3 valid comparisons between the start of French nationalism and elements of Canadian nationalism?