1 The possibility of using methods and techniques of artificial intelligence in the library activities Jolanta Szulc Institute of Library and Information Science University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland KNIHA VE 21. STOLETÍ, Opava, 2016

2 Objective The aim of the presentation is to discuss the possibility of using methods and techniques of artificial intelligence in library activities. To achieve this objective the analysis of literature accumulated on the basis of queries in selected databases: LISA and LIST was conducted.

3 Content Searching and selecting scientific literature Definitions and criteria for the classification of artificial intelligence Examples of applications of artificial intelligence in libraries Conclusions

4 Searching and selecting scientific literature

5 LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts Date of publicationNumber of records 1970-197919 1980-1989207 1990-1999204 2000-2009262 2010-201686 Search termNumber of records Artificial intelligence AND Library work779 Source typeNumber of records Scientific journals779

6 LISA (access: 15.02.2016) Publication titleNumber of records Artificial Intelligence‎95 AI Magazine‎61 Artificial Intelligence in Medicine‎49 Artificial Intelligence Review‎49 Artificial Intelligence and Law30 IEEE Intelligent Systems‎27 AI Communications‎17 ……….. Library Hi Tech‎15 ……….. Kniznice a Vedecke Informacie‎5 ……….. Small Computers in Libraries‎2 ………..

7 LISA (access: 15.02.2016) Publication typeNumber of records Journal Article‎778 Bibliography1 Book Review1 Conference Report‎1

8 LISA (access: 15.02.2016) SubjectNumber of records artificial intelligence414 information work247 information storage and retrieval‎ ‎193 subject indexing‎183 technical services‎165 computerized information storage and retrieval‎163 searching‎128 ……….. ……….. cataloguing11 librarianship‎11 ……….. libraries5 online cataloguing5

9 LISA (access: 15.02.2016) ClassificationNumber of records COMPUTER APPLICATION51 COMPUTER SCIENCE‎23 AUTOMATIC TEXT ANALYSIS, AUTOMATIC INDEXING, MACHINE TRANSLATION‎ 19 MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS (CI)8 INFORMATION WORK7 COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL‎6 ……….. CLASSIFICATION4 ……….. LIBRARIANSHIP AND INFORMATION SCIENCE2 ….. LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY - NETWORKS‎1 RESEARCH1 SUBJECT INDEXING1

10 LISA (access: 15.02.2016) LanguageNumber of records English696 Russian23 German11 Japanese11 French10 Czech5 Swedish4 Chinese3 Italian2 Polish2 Portuguese2 Slovak2 Spanish2 ………..

11 LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts (access: 15.02.2016) Date of publication Number of records 1960-19691 1970-197930 1980-1989300 1990-19991742 2000-20091716 2010-2016481 Search termNumber of records artificial intelligence library4281 Source typeNumber of records Journal article4273 Book review19 Conference report9 Feature2 Bibliography1

12 LISTA: Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts (access: 15.02.2016) Date of publicationNumber of records 1970-19790 1980-19894 1990-19994 2000-20092 2010-20163 Search termNumber of records Artificial intelligence AND Library work13 Source typeNumber of records Magazines8 Academic journals4 Books1

13 Definitions and criteria for the classification of artificial intelligence

14 Definitions and terms of AI (1) 1) Sztuczna inteligencja to nauka polecania maszynom wykonania zadań wymagających inteligencji, jaką użyłby człowiek przy wykonaniu identycznych zadań. (Minsky 1968) 2) Sztuczna inteligencja jest tą częścią informatyki, która bada procesy rozumowania symbolicznego i niealgorytmicznego oraz zajmuje się reprezentacją symbolicznie ujętej wiedzy. (Forsyth 1984) 3) Sztuczna Inteligencja to ekscytujące próby stworzenia myślących komputerów […], maszyn z umysłami w pełnym tego słowa znaczeniu. (Haugeland 1985) 4) Sztuczna Inteligencja jest reaktywowanym podejściem do rozwiązywania problemów, które wymaga wewnętrznego, heurystycznego, poszukiwania w czasie operacji na bazie wiedzy, zwłaszcza dla logicznych i analogicznych mechanizmów rozumowania. (Glover, Greenberg 1989)

15 Definitions and terms of AI (2) 5) Sztuczna Inteligencja to dziedzina badań, podczas których próbuje się naśladować ludzką inteligencję w maszynie. Obszar AI obejmują systemy oparte na wiedzy, systemy eksperckie, rozpoznawania obrazów, automatyczną naukę, rozumienie języka naturalnego, robotykę i inne. (Kurzweil 1999) 6) Sztuczna Inteligencja jest to nauka o czynnościach, które miałyby spowodować, że maszyny będą wykonywać funkcje, które aktualnie lepiej wykonuje człowiek. (Rich, Knight 1990) 7) Sztuczna Inteligencja jest to dziedzina nauki próbująca wyjaśnić i emulować inteligentne zachowania za pomocą metod obliczeniowych. (Schalkoff 1990)

16 Definitions and terms of AI (3) 8) Sztuczna inteligencja [podejmuje] prace nad metodami obliczeniowymi, które umożliwiałyby [maszynom] postrzeganie, wnioskowanie, działanie. (Winston 1992) 9) Termin Artficial Intelligence, w skrócie AI, odnosi się do komputerów, które naśladują aspekty ludzkiego myślenia. Prosty kalkulator elektroniczny nie ma statusu AI. Ale maszyna, która może uczyć się na swych błędach, albo to może popisać się rozumowaniem, ma status AI. Między tymi skrajnościami, nie ma żadnej dokładnej linii podziału. (McGraw 1994) 10) Dziedzina Sztucznej Inteligencji (AI, Artificial Intelligence) – obejmuje rozwiązywanie problemów sposobami wzorowanymi na naturalnych działaniach i procesach poznawczych człowieka, za pomocą symulujących ją programów komputerowych (Kwaśnicka 1990)

17 Criteria for the classification of AI (1) Due to the lack of universally accepted criteria for the distribution of artificial intelligence suggested its division into subareas due to two criteria: solving class of tasks, technique used.

18 Criteria for the classification of AI (2) The following areas of AI are distinguished (according to the first criterion): automated theorem proving, automatic programming, computer vision, expert systems, game theory, information retrieval (intelligent database) machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), problem solving and strategies searches, processes of perception, robotics.

19 Criteria for the classification of AI (3) The following areas of AI are distinguished (according to the second criterion): Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) Expert Systems (ES), Fuzzy System (FS), Genetic Agorithms, Intelligent Information Systems (IIS), Neural Network (NN).

20 Examples of applications of artificial intelligence in libraries

21 Semantic Geo-Catalogue (SGC) project The enhancement of the search capabilities of geo-spatial tools occupies one of the highest positions in the agenda of the INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) initiative. The paper presents work on the Semantic Geo-Catalogue (SGC) project in providing a semantic extension to the geo-catalogue of the Autonomous Province of Trento (PAT) in Italy. F. Farazi, V. Maltese, B. Dutta, A. Ivanyukovich, V. Rizzi: A semantic geo-catalogue for a local administration. „Artificial Intelligence Review” Vol. 40 (Aug 2013), p. 193-212

22 Semantic Geo-Catalogue (SGC) project

23 Expert systems in library and information science Methods: An analysis was made of the literature, gathered on the basis of queries in some databases. The article discuses directions of research in the field of expert systems as one of the methodologies of knowledge management, using methods of artificial intelligence: problem solving and representation of knowledge (generation, valuation and knowledge management, extraction and synthesis of knowledge in the construction of expertise), "self learning", evaluation of performance. In conclusion, it attempts to identify possible areas of applications in libraries and information centers. J. Szulc: Systemy ekspertowe w działalności bibliotecznej i informacyjnej: stan badań, problemy badawcze, przykłady zastosowań. „Zagadnienia Informacji Naukowej. Studia Informacyjne” Vol. 52, no. 1 (103) (2014), s. 94-118.

24 Expert systems in library and information science

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27 Examples of expert systems: ESSCAPE (Exeter of University, UK, 1982-1983, ) MAKLUM (Malaysian, 1996) DOCMATCH (University of Bradford, UK, 1996)

28 Expert systems in library and information science Conclusions: Quantitative analysis of the literature showed a significant decrease in the literature devoted to expert systems after 2010. Nevertheless expert systems (experimental, operated) are used in many fields. It is expected that these systems will be used in specialized libraries in the collection and codification of knowledge in selected areas of specialization.

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32 Other applications of AI: Application of intelligent agents in libraries Chatbots in the library Semantic research for digital libraries

33 Conclusions

34 Analysis of the literature showed the maintenance of a relatively large number of publications on AI Relatively few article relates to uses of AI in libraries Scientific literature was grouped in categories such as: automatic text analysis, automatic indexing, computer application, computer science, machine translation and other Examples of applications of AI relate to uses of such fields of library and information science as: classification, library technology, research, subject indexing and other Interdisciplinary character of the research is to be noticed – the disciplines penetrate and complement each other

35 Conclusions Applicability AI in different types of libraries is still not fully successful. Various methods and techniques AI can greatly assist the process of ordering and information flow.