1 The Romantic Period

2 Monarchies and Empires

3 France: The House of Bourbon

4 France: The House of BourbonBourbon Dynasty    Louis XIV (the Sun King)    Louis XV (the Beloved)    Louis XVI First Republic [Louis XVII] Bonaparte Dynasty First Empire Napoleon Bourbon Dynasty Restored Louis XVIII Bourbon Dynasty    Henry IV    Louis XIII    Louis XIV (the Sun King)    Louis XV    Louis XVI First Republic   National Convention   Directory   Consulate First Empire    Napoleon I    Louis XVIII (king)             Napoleon I (2nd time) Bourbons (restored)   Louis XVIII   Charles X

5 Spain: The House of Bourbon

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7 Russia: The Romanovs

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9 England: The House of Hanover

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11 ROMANTIC REVOLUTIONS

12 American Revolution 1763: Britain began to impose taxes upon the colonies which were viewed as illegal Broad intellectual and social shifts republican ideals: liberty and rights as central values, makes the people as a whole sovereign, rejects aristocracy and inherited political power, expects citizens to be independent and calls on them to perform civic duties, and is strongly opposed to corruption. liberal democracy: representative democracy (with free and fair elections) along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liberties (thus the name liberal) of speech, assembly, religion, and property. Colonies’ alliance with France 1776: Declaration of Independence 1787: Constitution and Bill of Rights

13 Quaker Met Ben Franklin in London – who advised him to move to America 1776: Common Sense: attacked British monarchy and argued for American independence 1787: Returned to Britain 1791: The Rights of Man: proposed universal male suffrage, progressive taxes, family allowances, old age pensions, maternity grants and abolition of House of Lords 1792: Became a French citizen and elected to National Convention – opposed execution of Louis XVI 1794: Age of Reason: questioned truth of Old Testament and Christianity 1802: returned to America Tom Paine Auguste Milliere, Thomas Paine National Portrait Gallery, London

14 French Revolution and Napoleon 1789-18151789: Fall of Bastille and Declaration of the Rights of Man 1792: September Massacres of imprisoned nobility 1793: The Reign of Terror Execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette France declared war against Britain 1794: Fall of Robespierre 1804: Napoleon crowned Emperor of France 1815: Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo

15 Jean-Pierre Louis Laurent Houel (1735-1813), Prise de la Bastille ("The storm of the Bastille").

16 Eugene Delacroix Liberty Leading the People

17 Images of Napoleon By Jacques Louis David 1812: Napoleon in his study1797:The Young General Images of Napoleon By Jacques Louis David 1800: Napoleon at St. Bernard 1804: The coronation

18 Jacques Louis David, 1805-07 The coronation of the Emperor Napoleon I

19 Edmund Burke 1729-97 Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher1756: A Vindication of Natural Society: A View of the Miseries and Evils Arising to Mankind: treatise on anarchy 1757: A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful: treatise on aesthetics : Whig member of House of Commons Opposed absolute monarchy and supported American colonies against the king 1790: Reflections on the Revolution in France: saw French Revolution as a violent rebellion against tradition which would end in disaster. Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke Scottish National Portrait Gallery

20 Professional writer, philosopher and feminist1790: Vindication of the Rights of Men: response to Burke in defense of the ideals of the French Revolution 1792: A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1794: An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution 1796: Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark 1797: married William Godwin Died of childbirth fever 1798: William Godwin published Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman Mary Wollstonecraft

21 Official British Reaction to the French RevolutionCurtailment of civil liberties and harsh repression suspension of the writ of habeus corpus advocates of political change charged with treason 1791: Rejection of a bill to abolish the slave trade 1793: declaration of war against France

22 William Sadler, The Battle of WaterlooNapoleonic Wars William Sadler, The Battle of Waterloo

23 Industrial RevolutionPower-driven machinery replaced hand labor 1765: James Watt – the steam engine Industry moved from homes and workshops to factories Population moved from agricultural countryside to industrial cities Enclosure of “commons” into privately owned estates Laissez faire economic policy – free operation of economic laws –governmental non-interference 1776: Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations

24 CLASSICISM vs. ROMANTICISM

25 Neo-Classicism vs RomanticismGreek/Roman influence Emphasis on Society Age of Reason Rationality Philosophy Deism Euro-centric Cities Enlightenment Science Medieval/Oriental influence Emphasis on Individual Age of Passion Emotion Imagination Spirituality Interest in the Exotic Nature: pastoral and wild Revolution Social Justice

26 NATURE Neo-Classical RomanticUniversal Subject to human control Gardens Source of peace and tranquillity Untamed nature: dangerous/evil Particular Beyond human control Mountains, oceans, forests Source of inspiration and spirituality Untamed nature: exhilarating/sublime

27 Gainsborough, St James Park

28 Friedrich, Solitary Tree

29 LOVE Neo-Classical RomanticUniversal Subject to human control Marriage Social Contract Economic Contract Attraction between social and intellectual equals Source of peace and tranquillity Particular Beyond human control Passion Individual choice Search for soul-mate Forbidden attractions: social, exotic, incestual Source of inspiration, exhilaration and despair

30 Gaspar Netscher A Musical Evening

31 Caspar David Friedrich, Woman at Sunrise

32 William Blake The Enslavement of Experience The Transcendance of Imagination

33 Louis Michel van Loo Portrait of DiderotNeo-Classical Artist Social Arbiter of Taste Elitist Moral Intellectual Critic Louis Michel van Loo Portrait of Diderot

34 Romantic Artist Loner Unconventional Amoral Genius ProphetGeorge Gordon Lord Byron

35 Lyric Poetry Search for an authentic language of feeling rather than artifice Wordsworth: “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility” 1st person voice of the poem – during this period usually associated with the poet – sometimes biographical and confessional Revived older poetic forms: blank verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter the sonnet the ballad the ode

36 Keats Coleridge The Poet as Rock Star Shelley Byron Wordsworth

37 Leopardi Heine The Poet as Rock Star Pushkin Novalis

38 Romantic Prose Genres Literary criticism The Novel Historical novelsNovels of manners Novels of sensibility Gothic novels Autobiography

39 Literary Criticism Literary critics became the arbiters of tasteDebate over the artistic value as well as the utilitarian value of critical literature 1802: Edinburgh Review 1809: Quarterly Review Thomas DeQuincy William Hazlitt Charles Lamb Samuel Taylor Coleridge

40 Historical Novels Novels that reconstruct a past age, often when two cultures are in conflict Fictional characters interact with with historical figures in actual events Sir Walter Scott ( ) is considered the father of the historical novel: The Waverly Novels ( ) and Ivanhoe (1819)

41 Jane Austen and the Novel of MannersNovels dominated by the customs, manners, conventional behavior and habits of a particular social class Often concerned with courtship and marriage Realistic and sometimes satiric Focus on domestic society rather than the larger world Other novelists of manners: Anthony Trollope, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Margaret Drabble

42 Novels of Sentiment Novels in which the characters, and thus the readers, have a heightened emotional response to events Connected to emerging Romantic movement Laurence Sterne ( ): Tristam Shandy ( ) Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( ): The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774) Francois Rene de Chateaubriand ( ): Atala (1801) and Rene (1802) The Brontës: Anne Brontë Agnes Grey (1847) Emily Brontë, Wuthering Heights (1847), Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre (1847) Laurence Sterne by Sir Joshua Reynolds

43 The Brontës Charlotte (1816-55), Emily (1818-48), Anne (1820-49)Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre transcend sentiment into myth-making Wuthering Heights plumbs the psychic unconscious in a search for wholeness, while Jane Eyre narrates the female quest for individuation Brontë.info: website of Brontë Society and Haworth Parsonage The Victorian Web portrait by Branwell Brontë of his sisters, Anne, Emily, and Charlotte (c. 1834)

44 Gothic Novels Novels characterized by magic, mystery and horrorExotic settings – medieval, Oriental, etc. Originated with Horace Walpole’s Castle of Otranto (1764) William Beckford: Vathek, An Arabian Tale (1786) Anne Radcliffe: 5 novels ( ) including The Mysteries of Udolpho Widely popular genre throughout Europe and America: Charles Brockden Brown’s Wieland (1798) Contemporary Gothic novelists include Anne Rice and Stephen King

45 Frankenstein by Mary Shelley 1797-1851Inspired by a dream in reaction to a challenge to write a ghost story Published in (rev. ed. 1831) A Gothic novel influenced by Promethean myth The first science fiction novel

46 Autobiography The term was first used by the poet Robert Southey in 1809 in the English periodical Quarterly Review Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Confessions ( ) Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere Journals (1799+) Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an Opium Eater, 1822 Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of rederick Douglass, An American Slave, (1845)

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