1 The Seventeenth CenturyThe Puritan Revolution
2 The Stuarts The XVII century was one of the most crucial of centuries in Europe. It saw the deveplopment of three of the most important factors which have made the modern spirit: Puritanism, racionalism, Scientific spirit. Puritanism had far-reaching consequences in political theory. Its off-spring in the XVII century was the democratic ideal.
3 The Stuarts Rationalism completed the break with the Middle Ages and broke the yoke of authority; among its many results was the turning of thought towards new fields of psychological investigation. The scientific Spirit, to a large degree a by-product of rationalism, evoked a new interest in the study of human experience and the gathering of experimental data.
4 The Stuarts In literature the century began with the plays of Shakespeare and his great contemporaries and successors, the philosophic ventures of Francis bacon, and the great Bible of 1611. Following these come the incomparable poetry of John Milton and the prose of Burton, Browne, Walton and Taylor.
5 James I James I was born in 1566 to Mary Queen of Scots.James I had little of his predecessor's talent for holding the kingdom together. He was a bigot, and ill fitted to exemplify “the divine right of kings” which he revived from the Middle Ages. He was determined to make the Church of England subservient to his will.
6 James I He persecuted Puritans and Catholics with ferocity. It was because of his policies that the first American colonists preferred the unknown terrors of the New World to their familiar homes of England. He was extravagant and wasteful and to raise money sold peerages and monopolies in trade to the highest bidder.
7 James I The English Public soon grew to resent his despotism and the Puritan philosophy gained its hold on Englishmen. The Puritans believed their destiny to be exclusively in the hands of God; as Stuart unreasonableness increased, the average Englishman began to make up his mind that even a King, if he stands between a man and God, must be removed. This is how the concept of a democracy first became effective in Western Europe.
8 Charles I Charles I, James's son, succeeded to the throne in He proved a thoroughly unreliable and treacherous monarch. He suddenly found himself faced with the opposition of a large section of the people. In 1629 Charles, in anger, dissolved the Parliament and ruled without it for 11 years. He tried to establish the absolute system of control.
9 Charles I The lines were already drawn between the Cavaliers (his adherents) and the Roundheads (the Puritans). In 1639 Charles found himself involved in a war with the Scotch Presbyterians and was forced to reconvene the Parliament, and when it refused to grant his demands for money, dismissed it again.
10 Charles I A new parliament met in 1640, the so called Long Parliament, and decided to espouse the Scotch cause. The break came in 1641, and Civil War ensued. In 1649, a Parliament entirely Puritan beheaded Charles. For the next few years Puritan extremists tried valiantly to establish a government something like a democracy.
11 Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell, was a strict Puritan with a Cambridge education.Clothed conservatively , he possessed a Puritan fervour and a commanding voice. Civil war broke out between King Charles I and parliament in Although Cromwell lacked military experience, he led a superb force of cavalry, and rose from the rank of captain to that of lieutenant-general in three years.
12 Oliver Cromwell Cromwell believed that the king must be brought to justice. He was a prime mover in the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649. In 1653, Cromwell established a rigid protectorate in the hope that a firm hand might succeed in forming a free state.
13 Oliver Cromwell Cromwell's career is full of contradictions:Under his rule, the Protectorate advocated religious liberty of conscience but allowed blasphemers to be tortured. Admirers hail him as a strong, stabilising and stately leader who brought international respect, overthrew tyranny and promoted republicanism and liberty, whilst critics ridicule him as an overly ambitious hypocrite who betrayed the cause of liberty.
14 Cromwell When Cromwell died in 1658, his weak son proved unequal to the task of guiding the government and anarchy ensued. Sick of dissension English tried to call Charles I’s son to the throne as Charles II. For 28 years English tried to live happily under Stuart regime, but in 1688 Charles II’s son, James II had to flee the country, and England was done with the Stuarts forever.
15 Greatest Poet next to ShakespeareJohn Milton Greatest Poet next to Shakespeare
16 Paradise Lost
17 Characters in the Poem Satan - Head of the rebellious angels who have just fallen from Heaven. As the poem’s antagonist, Satan is the originator of sin—the first to be ungrateful for God the Father’s blessings. Adam - The first human, the father of our race, and, along with his wife Eve, the caretaker of the Garden of Eden. Adam is grateful and obedient to God, but falls from grace when Eve convinces him to join her in the sin of eating from the Tree of Knowledge.
18 Characters Eve - The first woman and the mother of mankind She is weaker than Adam, so Satan focuses his powers of temptation on her. God the Father - One part of the Christian Trinity. God the Father creates the world by means of God the Son, creating Adam and Eve last. He foresees the fall of mankind through them.
19 Characters God the Son - Jesus Christ, the second part of the Trinity. When the fall of man is predicted, He offers himself as a sacrifice to pay for the sins of mankind. Beelzebub - Satan’s second-in-command. Beelzebub discusses with Satan their options after being cast into Hell. Belial - One of the principal devils in Hell. Belial argues against further war with Heaven, but he does so because he is lazy not for any good reason.
20 Characters Mammon - A devil known in the Bible as the epitome of wealth. He won’t support another war with Heaven if there’s no profit. Mulciber - The devil who builds Pandemonium, Satan’s palace in Hell. Moloch - A rash, irrational, and murderous devil. Moloch argues in Pandemonium that the devils should engage in another full war against God and his servant angels.
21 Characters Sin - Satan’s daughter.Death - Satan’s son by his daughter, Sin Gabriel - One of the archangels of Heaven, who acts as a guard at the Garden of Eden Raphael - One of the archangels in Heaven, who acts as one of God’s messengers. Uriel - An angel who guards the planet earth. Abdiel - An angel who at first considers joining Satan and then repented.
22 Characters Michael - The chief of the archangels, Michael leads the angelic forces against Satan and his followers in the battle in Heaven, before the Son provides the decisive advantage. Michael also stands guard at the Gate of Heaven, and narrates the future of the world to Adam in Books XI and XII.
23 Gustave Dore’s Paradise Lost
24 Gustave Dore’s Paradise Lost
27 Famous Quotes Farewell happy fields, Where joy forever dwells: hail, horrors! Paradise Lost. Book i. Line 249. A mind not to be chang’d by place or time. The mind is its own place, and in itself Can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven. Paradise Lost. Book i. Line 253
28 Famous Quotes Here we may reign secure; and in my choice To reign is worth ambition, though in hell: Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. Paradise Lost. Book i. Line 261
29 Paradise Lost in ContextMilton's great epic (1667) has three main sources: a) Genesis and the Jewish and Christian commentary, Saint Augustine and John Calvin. b) Greek and Latin Myths: Ovid's Metamorphoses. c) The Epic tradition itself: Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and Torquato Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered
30 Paradise Lost: Plot OverviewThe speaker in Paradise Lost starts by invoking his muse. The muse will inspire him to sing about Adam and Eve Disobedience and fall from heavenly grace. The action begins with Satan and his fellow rebel angels who are found chained to a lake of fire in Hell.
31 Plot Overview They free themselves and fly to land, where they discover minerals and construct Pandemonium, their meeting place. Inside Pandemonium, the rebel angels, who are now devils, debate whether they should begin another war with God. Beelzebub suggests that they attempt to corrupt God’s beloved new creation, humankind. Satan agrees, and volunteers to go himself
32 Plot Overview As Satan prepares to leave Hell, he meets his children: Sin and Death and build a bridge between hell and Earth. In Heaven, God meets his angels in council and explains what Satan is trying to do. Jesus Volunteers to sacrifice for humankind. Meanwhile, Satan travels through night and chaos and finds Earth.
33 Plot Overview Satan disguises himself as a cherub to get past the Archangel Uriel. He deceives Uriel by telling him that he wants to praise God’s glorious creation. Satan then lands on Earth and takes a moment to reflect. Seeing the splendour of happiness brings him pain rather than pleasure and reaffirms his decision to destroy mankind.
34 Plot Overview Satan leaps over Paradise’s wall, takes the form of a cormorant (a large bird), and perches himself atop the Tree of Life. Meanwhile, Adam and Eve tend the Garden, carefully obeying God’s supreme order not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge. After a long day of work, they return to their bower and rest.
35 Plot Overview There, Satan takes the form of a toad and whispers into Eve’s ear. Gabriel, prepares himself for war against Satan but God makes Satan leave. Eve awakes and tells Adam about a dream she had, in which an angel tempted her to eat from the forbidden tree. Worried about his creation, God sends Raphael down to Earth to teach Adam and Eve of the dangers they face with Satan.
36 Plot Overview Raphael arrives on Earth and eats a meal with Adam and Eve. Raphael relates Adam the story of Satan’s envy over the Son’s appointment as God’s second-in-command. Satan gathered other angels together who were also angry to hear this news, and together they plotted a war against God. The angels then begin to fight, with Michael and Gabriel serving as co-leaders for Heaven’s army.
37 Plot Overview Raphael tells Adam about Satan’s evil motives to corrupt them, and warns Adam to watch out for Satan. Eight days after his banishment, Satan returns to Paradise. He chooses to take the form of the serpent. He searches for Eve and is delighted to find her alone. He speaks to Eve and she is amazed to find an animal that can speak. Satan tells her he learnt to speak after eating from the tree of Knowledge and Eve decides to try.
38 Plot Overview When Eve finds Adam, he is horrified to find that Eve has eaten from the forbidden tree. Knowing that she has fallen, he decides that he would rather be fallen with her than remain pure and lose her. So he eats from the fruit as well. Adam looks at Eve in a new way, and together they turn to lust. God realises that Adam and Eve have fallen and sends Michael to tell Adam and Eve they must leave Paradise.