1 The U.S. & the World: Building an EmpireImperialism The U.S. & the World: Building an Empire

2 American Ideology of ExpansionA Thirst for New Markets: Economic Expansion (Really???) Desire for Military Strength Alfred T. Mahan & “The Influence of Sea Power” Great Navy Coaling Stations Canal through C. America Belief in Anglo-Saxon Superiority

3 Hawaii and Alaska 1867 Seward’s Folly, Seward’s IceboxSugar and the tariff Queen Lil removed, 1892 Hawaii Annexed 1898 Pearl Harbor- great anchorage

4 “Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

5 U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiSanford B. Dole

6 2. Military/Strategic InterestsSee Alfred T. Mahan -- The Influence of Sea Power on History:

7 The Cuban Crisis: History & BackgroundCuba- one of the last outposts of the Spanish New World Empire Revolution in Cuba Weyler and “Reconcentration” Camps The Yellow Press The Maine

8 Spanish Misrule in Cuba.

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10 Spanish-American War (1898): “a splendid little war” - John Hay (SecSpanish-American War (1898): “a splendid little war” - John Hay (Sec. of State) Lasted only 16 weeks 300,000 Americans fought; 5,400 casualties San Juan Hill Manila Bay Results: Cuba would become independent - (Platt Amendment) 2) Puerto Rico & Guam would become US possessions - importance??? 3) Pay $20 million for annexation of Philippines

11 Dewey Captures Manila!

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13 The Philippine InsurrectionEmilio Aguinaldo & Filipino rebels enter a war against the U.S. Why??? –Aguinaldo felt betrayed – US “promised” granting freedom after the war with Spain. Jan Aguinaldo proclaimed the Philippines independent. Long-drawn out conflict with the use of some brutal tactics by both sides. Taft (governor-general) promised independence, but this was decades to come.

14 T.R. & America on the World StagePhilippines Great White Fleet Panama Canal “A Man, A Plan, A Canal, Panama” “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate; and while the debate goes on, the canal does also.” Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth Role in early WWI European Conflict

15 A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!

16 Other Imperialistic StuffRoosevelt Corollary – Big Stick Diplomacy Open Door Notes – John Hay Dollar Diplomacy- William Howard Taft

17 Big Stick Diplomacy

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19 The U.S. & Mexico A Giant Mess- read about it!

20 Causes of World War I Long Term: Imperialism: Scramble for Africa, etcNationalism: Unification of Germany Militarism: Great Power Envy Alliances: Triple Entente, Triple Alliance Short Term: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Ultimatum Chain Reaction of events in Europe

21 Wilhelm II

22 Weapons of WW I Long Range Artillery Machine Guns Trenches TrucksAirplanes

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25 Songs and Poetry . I have a rendezvous with Death"I Have a Rendezvous with Death"  Alan Seeger. 1888–1916  . I have a rendezvous with Death At some disputed barricade,  When Spring comes back with rustling shade  And apple-blossoms fill the air—  I have a rendezvous with Death          When Spring brings back blue days and fair.    It may be he shall take my hand  And lead me into his dark land  And close my eyes and quench my breath—  It may be I shall pass him still.   I have a rendezvous with Death  On some scarred slope of battered hill,  When Spring comes round again this year  And the first meadow-flowers appear.   

26 Pillowed in silk and scented down, God knows 'twere better to be deep   Pillowed in silk and scented down,  Where love throbs out in blissful sleep,  Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath,  Where hushed awakenings are dear...  But I've a rendezvous with Death   At midnight in some flaming town,  When Spring trips north again this year,  And I to my pledged word am true,  I shall not fail that rendezvous.

27 1917 (David Olney) Sung By Emmylou HarrisHe speaks to me in schoolboy French Of a soldier's life inside a trench Of the look of death and the ghastly stench I do my best to please him He puts two roses in a vase Two roses sadly out of place Like the gallant smile on his haggard face Playfully I tease him Hold me ‘neath the Paris skies Let's not talk of how or why Tomorrow's soon enough to die But tonight the war is over We make love too hard too fast He falls asleep his face a mask He wakes with the shakes and he drinks from his flask I put my arms around him The strange young man who comes to me A soldier on a three day spree He needs one night's cheap ecstasy And a woman's arms to hide him He greets me with a courtly bow And hides his pain by acting proud He drinks too much and he laughs too loud How can I deny him. Let us dance beneath the moon I'll sing to you "Claire de Lune‘ The morning always comes too soon But tonight the war is over

28 1917 They die in the trenches and they die in the airIn Belgium and France the dead are everywhere They die so fast there's no time to prepare A decent grave to surround them Lux aeterna luceat eis Domine cum sanctis tuis in aeternum Quia pius es Requiem aeternaum dona eis Domine Qui-a pius es Et lux perpetua luceat- eis Cum sancris tu-s in Aeternum quia pius es Tonight the war is over (May everlasting light shine upon them, O Lord, with your saints forever, for you are merciful. Grant them eternal rest, O Lord, and may everlasting light shine upon them. with your saints forever for you are merciful. ) Old world glory, old world fame The old world's gone, gone up in flames Nothing will ever be the same And nothing lasts forever Oh I'd pray for him but I've forgotten how And there's nothing nothing that can save him now There's always another with the same funny bow And who am I to deny them

29 Fields of France (Al Stewart)His flying jacket still has her perfume Memories of the night Play across his mind High above the fields of France A single biplane in a clear blue sky 1917, no enemy was seen High above the fields of France Oh she looks But there's nothing to see Still she looks Saying come back to me He tells her just remember me this way For here am I more true Than anything I do High above the fields of France Oh she looks Though he'll never come back And the letter that came Was bordered in black She'll find somebody else But not forget Leaving her regrets Like vapour trails of jets High above the fields of France

30 Battles Somme- 1 July and 18 November 1916(70,000 fall in the first 3 hours) Verdun- February- October, 1916 Russian Revolution- 1917 German Offensive of 1918 (Ludendorff’s Great Gamble)

31 America’s Early Response“neutral in both thought & action” German U-Boat terror Preparing for War – Just in case National Defense Act J.P. Morgan financing war (British & French) Build-up of arms How long can we stay out of this? Buying us some time

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33 Election of 1916 Democrats: Wilson Republicans: Charles Evan HughesPeace candidate “he kept us out of war” Weak candidate for an inevitable war?? Front porch campaign 4 P’s (peace, prosperity, progressivism, pro-labor) Republicans: Charles Evan Hughes Traveled around TR and his mouth damage POTUS hopes Last bearded guy to run for prexy Results: Go to bed a winner, wake up a loser Wilson wins

34 America Enters the War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare returns Zimmerman Telegram Russian Revolution (1917) Declaration of War “the world must be made safe for democracy” Wilson’s speech

35 The AEF in Action Pershing AEF -1st Division goes to France,Summer 1917 Belleau Wood June 1918 “Teufelhunder”

36 St. Mihiel, September 1917 Meuse Argonne Offensive September- November, 1918 Sgt York Eddie Rickenbacker

37 The War at Home Selective Service Act – May 1917Committee of Public Information George Creel War Industries Board Bernard Baruch Food Administration Board Serve Beans by All Means Meatless Tuesdays & Wheatless Wednesdays USSGA - United States School Garden Schneck vs. United States Clear & Present Danger Clause – limits on free speech

38 Ending the War Oct 1918 German Kaiser asked Wilson for an armistice based on the 14 Points 11th hour of the 11th day in the 11th month 1918 the Germans signed the armistice agreeing to evacuate France, Belgium, Luxembourg immediately. Also agreed to surrender to the Allies war materials including prisoners, naval vessels, etc..

39 The Treaty of Versailles 1919-1920The Unsettled Peace The Treaty of Versailles

40 The Fourteen Points Wilson called for:Wilson’s Plan for peace Wilson called for: open diplomacy freedom of the seas arms reduction end to colonialism the removal of trade barriers and international commitment to national self-determination League of Nations became Wilson’s obsession

41 Versailles ConferenceThe Big Four: David Lloyd George (Britain) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) George Clemenceau (France) Woodrow Wilson (USA) No Henry Cabot Lodge France, Italy, and Great Britain – punishment and reparations Germans assumed Wilson’s Fourteen points as the basis for the peace negotiations- oops!

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43 Versailles Treaty National self-determination -Austria, Hungary, Poland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia War Guilt clause Reparations from Germany were set at $33 billion League of Nations The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919

44 Selling the Treaty at HomeReservationists vs Irreconcilables Article X of the League Covenant. Sept.1919, Wilson went on a speaking tour defending the Treaty. The tour was cut short when Wilson collapsed and suffered from a severe stroke a week later. W.W. refused compromise, and the treaty was not ratified when it came up for vote in 1919 and 1920

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