1 The West Transformed (1860-1896)A California Gold Mine in 1849.

2 1. Mining and Railroading Boom Towns What was a strike of gold?How did mining and railroading draw people into the West? gold 1. Mining and Railroading Boom Towns Many Americans were lured to the West by the chance to strike it rich by mining gold and silver. The Western Mining boom had begun with the California Gold Rush of In California, miners searched for new strikes of gold and silver. What was a strike of gold? When someone finds land that is loaded with gold.

3 In 1859, two young prospectors struck gold in the Sierra Nevada landsIn 1859, two young prospectors struck gold in the Sierra Nevada lands. Henry Comstock discovered a vein of gold called a lode. The Comstock Lode attracted thousands of prospectors. Miners came across the United States, as well as from France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, and China. One of every three miners was Chinese.

4 When the gold was gone the cities turned into ghost townsWhen the gold was gone the cities turned into ghost towns. A ghost town was an abandoned town.

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6 The Railroads To the Indians, the railroad was a terrifying monster, an “iron horse” letting out black smoke and moving at stunning speeds. A railroad train was called an “iron horse.”

7 In 1863, two companies began the race to build the first transcontinental railroad. They were called the Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad. The Transcontinental Railroad was a railroad that stretched across the U.S. from the east coast to west coast.

8 Both companies building the railroad had trouble getting workersBoth companies building the railroad had trouble getting workers. Labor was scarce, backbreaking, and dangerous. The pay was also very low. Many of the railroad companies used immigrant workers to build the railroad. The railroad used thousands of workers from China, Ireland, Mexico, and Africa. Many workers were killed by snow storms and avalanches.

9 The Transcontinental Railroad. The golden spikeThe Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad met at Promontory Point on May 10, They hammered a golden spike into the rail that joined the 2 tracks. People in the country celebrated the goals achieved by the two railroads. Before long other major railroad lines will link to the West and East. Soon wherever rail lines went, towns and cities spring up all along the tracks. The Transcontinental Railroad. The golden spike

10 2. Native Americans Struggle to Survive People of the PlainsMany Native Americans lived on the Great Plains for hundreds of years. A number of them, such as the Sioux and Cheyenne, had lived on the Plains for hundreds of years. What were the consequences of the conflict between native Americans and White settlers?

11 The Indians moved very often, following the Buffalo that roamed the plains. The buffalo served as a living grocery store for the Plains Indians. After acquiring horses, they followed huge herds of buffalo and hunted them by driving them into large corrals, or enclosures. They sent out hunting parties that pursued Buffalo and other animals. corrals What do we mean when we say the buffalo was a living grocery store for the Native Americans?

12 The Indians lived in tepees made from wooden sticks and Buffalo skinsThe Indians lived in tepees made from wooden sticks and Buffalo skins. The Plains Indians were dependent on the Buffalo for food, clothing, and shelter. Buffalo meat, rich in protein was the main item in the Indians diet. They usually dried the meat on racks. They dried meat called jerky. They carried their belongings on travois or small sleds. Many Americans eat beef jerky today.

13 In the summer many groups played together, hunted together and staged horse and foot races.The most important event for the Plains Indians was a religious ceremony known as the Sundance. In the Sundance, dancers circled around a tree and asked the Great Spirit to give them good fortune during the coming year.

14 Plains Indian men protected the women, children and eldersPlains Indian men protected the women, children and elders. They passed their valuable skills to the boys. They supervised the spiritual life of the community by leading religious ceremonies. They provided military leadership and waged war to fight or extend a territory. The most successful warriors gained great respect from the members of their nation.

15 As the settlers moved to the West the United States promised to protect the Indians hunting grounds. The United States Government broke promise after promise. This made the Indians very angry. Indian wars spread across the Great Plains for this reason.

16 In 1851, the Federal Government met with the Indian nations near Fort Laramie in Wyoming. The Government asked the Indians to stay in a limited area. In return, they promised money, domestic animals, agricultural tools, and other goods. The Native American leaders agreed to the government’s terms in the Fort Laramie Treaty. Yet settlers continued to trespass on Indian lands and break the agreement.

17 In 1858, gold was struck at Pikes Peak in ColoradoIn 1858, gold was struck at Pikes Peak in Colorado. The gold strike brought miners onto the land the government promised to the Indians. In 1860, the Indians were forced to give up the land around Pikes Peak. Native Americans refused to give up their land. They attacked trains, burned, and killed many soldiers and civilian people. Colonel John Chivington, of the United States Army, attacked the Indians. When the Indians surrendered he ordered his men to destroy the village and take no prisoners. He slaughtered about 150 Indian men, women, and children. This was called the Chivington Massacre.

18 In 1867, the Southern Plains Indians signed a new agreement with the United States Government. The Indians were promised the land in the territory called present-day Oklahoma. The Indians were unhappy with the new treaty. They had no choice but to move. The Indians in the Northern Plains also signed a treaty. They agreed to live on reservations that included all of South Dakota west of the Missouri River. A reservation is a land set-aside for Native Americans to live on US’s Indian Policy: Removal, Containment, and Reservations

19 End of the Buffalo The Plains Indians suffered from lost battles and broken treaties. Another problem affecting the Plains Indians was that the Buffalo were being destroyed. The two reasons the US Government encouraged the killing of the Buffalo : 1) make it safer for the white settlers 2) destroy the nomadic life of the Plains Indians. 1865: 15 million buffalo roamed. “Buffalo Bill” was hired by the RR company to kill the buffalo. He killed 4,280 in 18 months. By 1885: only 1,000 buffalo roamed.

20 Indian People in RetreatMany Americans forced the Indians off their lands. In 1876, Sitting Bull, an Indian chief wrote a letter to the United States Army troops when they drove him off his land. “ I want to know what you are doing to the land. You scare the Buffalo away. I want to hunt in this place. I want you to return back from this place. If you don’t, I will fight you!” Sitting Bull What was Sitting Bull trying to tell the American people? If the Americans do not leave our lands we will fight you.

21 Chief Sitting Bull and George CusterLast Stand for Custer and the Sioux Even on reservations, the Indians were not left in peace. In 1874, gold was found on a Plains Indian Reservation in the Black Hills region. Chief Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse fought back against the Americans invading their lands in This war between the settlers and Indians was called the Sioux War. Colonel George Custer led his soldiers against the Indians. George Custer’s unit that attacked the Indians consisted of only 225 men. He lost the battle. This battle was called the Battle of Little Bighorn. Chief Sitting Bull and George Custer

22 Apache Indians fiercely resisted the loss of their lands by the settlers setting up ranches. One leader Geronimo continued to fight the longest.

23 3.The Cattle Kingdom What factors led to the boom and bust in the cattle industry? Before the arrival of the settlers, the Spanish and Mexicans set up cattle ranches in the Southwest. Over the years the strays from these ranches grew into large herds of wild cattle. These cattle were known as longhorns. They roamed across the grassy plains of Texas. As the demand for beef increased the growing cities needed meat. The Texas longhorns were perfect for the market.

24 In response to the need for meat, ranchers began rounding up the herds of longhorns. They drove the herds hundreds of miles called cattle drives. The Chisholm Trail became the most famous cattle trail. Ranchers employed cowhands to tend the cattle and drive the herds to the market. Their job was to keep the cattle moving and round up strays. Most of these cow-hands were Spanish. They were called Vaqueros , or skilled riders who herded cattle on ranches in Mexico.

25 The cattle industry lasted from the 1860’s to the 1880’sThe cattle industry lasted from the 1860’s to the 1880’s. The region dominated by the cattle industry and it’s ranches, trails, and cow towns came to be called the cattle kingdom. Ranching spread north from Texas across the plains. A rancher could buy a young calf for five dollars and sell a mature steer for sixty dollars. Soon cattle grazed on the grassy plains from Kansas to the present day Montana.

26 The Wild West-Cow TownsCattle drives ended in cow towns. In cow towns the cows were held in large pens until they could be loaded on large trains and shipped to markets in the East. Towns such as Abilene, Kansas and Dodge City sprang up. Cow towns attracted settlers that wanted to build stable communities where families could strive. Each town had a main street where people conducted business. Every town had a general store that sold tools, groceries, and clothing.

27 5. Farming in the West HomesteadingIn 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. Under the act, the government gave 160 acres of land to anyone who farmed for 5 years. The government wanted to encourage farmers to settle in the West. They also wanted to give poor people in the East a chance to own their own farm. How did the farmers on the plains struggle to make a living?

28 Many Easterners rushed to accept this offer for free landMany Easterners rushed to accept this offer for free land. These people who accepted free land from the government were called homesteaders. By 1900, half a million farmers had settled on the Great Plains under the Homestead Act.

29 The Homestead Act had its problemsThe Homestead Act had its problems. Only about 20% of the homestead land originally went to small farmers. Big land owning companies took large areas of land illegally. They divided the land and then resold it to farmer’s for a high price. African Americans joined in the rush for land. In 1879, a group of African Americans decided to move to Kansas. They called themselves the Exodusters. They took their name from the Bible. White Southerners did not want to lose the cheap labor supplied by the African Americans. To prevent the African Americans from leaving, whites stopped the boats carrying the African Americans up the Mississippi. Despite the danger, between 40,000 and 70,000 African Americans moved to Kansas in

30 A Hard Life on the Plains- New Farming MethodsMany farmers made their homes out of soil because wood was rarely found on the plains. They called these homes sod homes. Plows made of steel enabled farmers to break up the ground for planting. It enabled sodbusters, or the plains farmers, to cut through the sod and reach the soil below.

31 Last Rush For Land In 1889, 100,000 people formed a line in Oklahoma City to claim 2 million acres of land that once belonged to the Native Americans. Fights broke out over the land. A few people known as Sooners, had already sneaked on the land and claimed it as their own land. One year later the U.S. government said no more land was available. The name derived from the "sooner clause" of the Act, which stated that anyone who entered and occupied the land prior to the opening time would be denied the right to claim land. They were often deputy marshals, land surveyors, railroad employees, and others who were able to legally enter the territory early

32 Farmers Organize In the 1860’s farmers began to work together. They believed if they worked together they could improve their farming conditions through economic cooperation and political action. They formed an organization called the National Grange. Granges were groups of farmers that met for lectures, sewing bees, and other events. The grange helped farmers set up cooperatives. In a cooperative, farmers pooled their money together to make large purchases of tools, seed, and other supplies at a discount. Wholesale means buying or selling things in large quantities at lower prices.

33 Women and the Plains People had to be strong to survive the hardships of life on the Great Plains. Women made clothing, quilts, soap, candles, and other goods by hand. They also had to cook and preserve all the food they would need through the long winter. They had to educate the children. They also treated the sick and injured because there were no doctors nearby. People lived miles apart so they enjoyed the chance to get together with other families. Picnics, dances, and weddings were special events.

34 Political Parties In 1896 farmers and labor unions joined together to form the Populist Party. The Populist Party demanded the government to help with the falling farm prices and the regulation of railroad rates. They were concerned about inflation, or the general rise in prices. They also called for an income tax, an 8-hour workday, and limits on immigration. They argued that an increasing money supply would cause inflation, or increased prices.

35 William Jennings Bryan President William McKinleyAt the end of 1896, the Populist Party broke up and William McKinley became the new President. He ran against William Jennings Bryan, a democrat. He was the 25th President of the United States. He was later assassinated in 1901. William Jennings Bryan President William McKinley

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