1 Theme: Change
2 These essays typically come down to cause and effect:Change Revolutions Political (change in government) or Nonpolitical Turning Points Individuals These essays typically come down to cause and effect: What were the historical circumstances/context (CAUSE) How did society change from this (EFFECT)
3 French Revolution Political France, 1789-1799 CausesOutdated social system (the Estate System) Deficit spending- spending more $ than you’re bringing in Food shortages Enlightenment thinkers and the American Rev. Effects French people united under nationalism Middle class (Bourgeoisie) gain a say in gov’t Still food shortages France is at war with several nations Napoleon
4 Bolshevik Revolution Peace, Land, Bread! Political November 1917Causes Involvement in WWI and disastrous losses Food and fuel shortages Vladimir Lenin promises communism, where the people’s needs are met Effects Russia becomes the world’s 1st communist nation USSR/Soviet Union is created Stalin comes to power Peace, Land, Bread!
5 Chinese Communist RevolutionPolitical China, 1949 Causes Fall of the Qing Dynasty puts China into chaos The only foreign nation that would help China establish new gov’t is USSR (other nations wanted China to stay weak to continue imperialism/spheres of influence/unequal treaties) Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party gain support from the large peasant population to get their needs met Effects People’s Republic of China established in 1949 Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution
6 Iranian Revolution Political Iran, 1979 CausesThe Shah (Pahlavi) lived in luxury while the people were in poverty Control of the oil industry was given to the West Iranians (especially Islamic clergy) rally behind Ayatollah Khomeini Effects Shah is pushed out of power Khomeini establishes the Islamic Republic of Iran (fundamentalist theocracy) Iran Hostage Crisis and economic sanctions
7 Neolithic Revolution Non-PoliticalLatin America, Africa, Asia, ~10,000 BCE Causes Ice age ends, climate stabilizes Development of agriculture farming Effects SURPLUS OF FOOD Improved health longer lifespan population increase Change in work patterns/division of labor People become sedentary (settled), civilizations develop Trade Class system
8 Commercial RevolutionNon-Political Europe, 1500s Causes Trade increases- Europe connected to Africa, Asia, and the Americas Entrepreneurs have capital to invest into businesses More money is in society- banks, insurance, investment Effects Economy changes from barter to $$ Capitalism Guilds develop New middle class- artisans
9 Scientific RevolutionNon-Political Europe, mid-1500s Causes Renaissance inspired scientists to explore the world around them outside of the Church’s traditional thinkings Effects New ways of thinking about the world from Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, etc
10 Enlightenment Non-Political Europe, 1600s-1700s CausesRenaissance and Scientific Revolution encourage people to question the traditional order Use of reason to discover natural laws Effects Move away from absolutism and divine right toward democracy and individual rights Revolutions in America, France, and Latin America
11 Industrial RevolutionNon-Political Begins in 18th/19th century Great Britain Causes Britain has abundant natural resources (coal, tin, etc.) and waterways Entrepreneurs have capital that they’re willing to invest in new businesses New technology- steam engine, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, factories Effects Urbanization New social classes New economic systems Poor working conditions, child labor, low wages Standard of living rises
12 Chinese Cultural RevolutionNon-Political China, Causes Mao Zedong wants to rid China of nonrevolutionary influences Chinese youth are encouraged to go out and experience the revolution firsthand (the Red Guard) Effects Many older people are harassed, beaten, or killed Schools and factories are closed, China’s economy is halted
13 Green Revolution Non-Political 1950s and 1960s CausesFood needed to feed growing population Effects New high-yield crops (GMOs) Boosted agricultural production in many areas (India, Mexico, Indonesia) New chemical fertilizers and pesticides (and associated health risks)
14 Fall of Rome Turning Point ~400 CE CausesEmperor Constantine divides the empire in two, which weakens it Germanic invaders defeated the Romans Heavy taxes pushed people into poverty while the elite live in luxury Effects Eastern half of the empire becomes the Byzantine Empire and flourishes Western half of the empire falls into the Dark Ages and feudalism develops
15 Crusades Turning Point Middle East/Europe, 1095-1291 CE CausesMuslims invade the Byzantine Empire Pope wants to recapture the Holy Land (Jerusalem) and increase the power of the Catholic Church Christians hate Muslims and vice versa Effects Muslims hold on to the Holy Land Expanded trade between Europe, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia New technologies and ideas come to Europe from the advanced Islamic Kingdoms Feudal system weakened
16 Renaissance Turning Point Europe, 1300s-1500s CausesWealthy merchants become patrons of the arts Rebirth of classical learning- Greek and Roman philosophy, art, and sciences Focus shifts from religion to secular topics Effects Golden Age of art and literature Catholic church loses some power Invention of the printing press spreads new ideas
17 Protestant ReformationTurning Point Europe, 1500s Causes Catholic church becomes corrupt and worldly Selling of indulgences causes Martin Luther to post 95 Theses Printing press spreads the 95 Theses and the German language Bible Effects Europe is never united under one religion again Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, and other Protestant Churches Catholic church launches reforms The Inquisition persecutes heretics
18 The Encounter/1492 Turning PointFirst contact between Europe and the Americas Causes Europeans wanted to find their own trade routes to Asia that cut out the middle merchants that raised prices New technology (maps, astrolabe, caravel) allowed explores to cross the ocean Effects Columbian Exchange brings new foods to Europe, whose population increases Natives are essentially enslaved under the encomienda system and die in great numbers due to disease and overwork New source of labor in the form of slaves from Africa
19 WWI/1914 Turning Point Causes MAINAssassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Effects Germany is forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, accepting responsibility for the war and paying reparations to Allied Powers Germany falls into political and economic disarray New nations created in Europe from old Central Powers territories League of Nations is created to use diplomacy instead of war, but is too weak to be effective (US not involved)
20 Collapse of the USSR Turning Point 1980s-1991 CausesCommunist economies of Eastern Europe slow down Gorbachev launches reforms (glasnost and perestroika) that fail Fall of the Berlin Wall allows Germany to be reunited Eastern European nations declare independence Effects New nations are formed, but face ethnic violence and economic struggles Democracy movement in Eastern Europe US is the only world superpower
21 Creation of Israel Turning Point Middle East, 1948 Causes ZionismMany Jews immigrate to Palestine after WWII Effects Several wars fought between the Israelis and neighboring Arab nations over its existence Yasir Arafat guides the PLO to guerilla war against Israel Continued violence in the region
22 Nelson Mandela becomes PresidentTurning Point Individual Mandela led the fight against apartheid in South Africa Encouraged nonviolent civil disobedience Was in jail from After his release from jail, worked with F.W. de Klerk to end apartheid and won the Nobel Peace Prize 1994 elections were the first ones in which all South Africans could vote, and Mandela was elected president Impact- changed the political climate in South Africa, encouraged blacks and whites to work together
23 Muhammed Individual ~600 CE, Mecca (modern day Saudi Arabia)Troubled by moral issues in society, especially greed Was called on by the angel Gabriel to be the messenger of Allah Devoted his life to spreading Islam, encouraging Arabs to give up their pagan gods and instead worship Allah Faced persecution and exile Impact- was able to unite Arabs under Islam and create peace among many Arab clans; Islam is one of the major religions of the world
24 Johannes Gutenberg Individual Germany, early 1400sGutenberg created the first moveable type printing press that was able to mass produce books Impact- books became easier and faster to make (cheaper to produce and buy), literacy increased throughout Europe, new ideas able to spread quickly
25 Martin Luther Individual Germany, early 1500sLuther was a German monk who was disillusioned with the corruption of the Catholic church, especially the selling of indulgences Wrote a list of 95 These (formal statements) criticizing the Church and nailed it to the door of his local church When the Church called on Luther to recant, he refused Impact- new sects of Christianity are created, Europe is never united under one religion again, the Catholic church is forced to make reforms
26 Peter the Great Individual Russia, 1682-1721Czar of Russia- came to power when Russia was in chaos Adopted a policy of Westernization to make Russia a modern power Modernized manufacturing, shipbuilding, and how people dressed Used the military and explorers to expand Russia’s territory Impact- made Russia a rising power and the largest nation in the world, but also ruled through terror and expanded serfdom in Russia
27 John Locke/ Thomas HobbesIndividual Europe, 1600s-1700s After Renaissance/Scientific Revolution, people begin to think about their relationship to the government in new ways Both were Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes: social contract- an arrangement where people give up their rights to be protected by the government John Locke: natural rights- rights everyone is born with (life, liberty and property); government exists at the consent of the governed Impact- new ideas of government spread throughout Europe, lead to revolutions in the US, France, and Latin America
28 Niccolò Machiavelli Individual Florence (Italy), ~1500sWrote The Prince in 1513 The ends justify the means- rulers should use whatever means necessary to achieve their goals Impact- gives insight into the nature of politics and how rulers use/gain/maintain power
29 Napoleon Bonaparte Individual France, early 1800sWas a successful military hero in the French Revolution, and was able to accumulate enough power to become emperor of France Expanded France into a large empire through conquest or alliance Unsuccessfully attempted to invade Russia and was forced into exile Impact- his attempt to take over all of Europe resulted in the Congress of Vienna, which redrew the map of Europe, returned monarchs to the thrones they’d been kicked out of, and created the Concert of Europe to suppress further uprisings
30 Otto Von Bismark Individual Germany, 1800sSuccessfully unified Germany through “Blood and Iron”- military strength and industry to create weapons Was willing to do whatever was necessary to accomplish his goals- took $ to fund his army, invented reasons to invade other nations Became Chancellor of a unified Germany in and worked to get rid of opposition to new government Impact- united Germany and made it a dominant European power
31 Adam Smith/Karl Marx Individual 18th/19th century EuropeAdam Smith- Father of Capitalism Free market system based on supply and demand, and government keeps its hands off (laissez faire) Karl Marx- Father of Communism Industrialization will be the downfall of society because workers become disposable while bosses become wealthy Eventually the workers (proletariat) will rise up and overthrow the bosses (bourgeoisie) and establish a classless society Impact- new economic systems that are fundamentally at odds with each other and will cause conflict among nations (ie, Cold War)
32 Vladimir Lenin Individual Russia, early 1900sFounder of the Bolsheviks, who adopted Marx’s ideas to fit Russian conditions Gained the support of the people through his slogan of “Peace, Land, Bread” Overthrew the Czar and established a communist government- redistributed land to peasants, gave workers control of factories, and created the Soviet Union Impact- Steered Russia in the direction it followed long after his death- the Soviet Union remained until 1991, and Russia remained a communist nation until that point as well.
33 Adolf Hitler Individual Germany, 1939Became the leader of Germany in the chaos following WWI Leader of the Nazi party, attempted to exterminate the Jews of Europe Impact- Holocaust, WWII, etc.
34 Mahatma Gandhi Individual India, between the World WarsLeader of the Indian Independence movement Used passive resistance, nonviolent civil disobedience (Salt March), boycotts and hunger strikes to gain India’s freedom Impact- India gains independence from Britain
35 Kemal Atatürk Individual Turkey, 1920sOverthrew the sultan and established Turkey as a republic Harsh ruler who modernized Turkey and separated religion and government Impact- helped Turkey become a modern nation, influenced others in the Middle East (like Reza Khan of Iran) to modernize
36 Mao Zedong Individual China, 1900sLed the Chinese Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War Became the leader of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and made it a Communist nation Established the Great Leap Forward to increase agricultural production Launched the Cultural Revolution to get rid of nonrevolutionary influences Impact- Mao died a national hero for ending foreign domination of China and restoring order after WWII, and China is still a communist nation today
37 Deng Xiaoping Individual Becomes the leader of China after Mao’s deathEstablished a program of Four Modernizations to improve China in agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense Allowed for some economic reforms to take place in China (entrepreneurs, foreign investment) However, blocked social reforms Impact- China’s economy becomes stronger, Tiananmen Square Massacre
38 Yasir Arafat IndividualLeader of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Until 1993, called for the destruction of Israel Signed Oslo Accords in 1993, agreed to stop attacks and recognized the right of Israel to exist Encouraged guerilla warfare and intifada against Israel/Israeli control Impact- extremist groups still continue violence against Israel today