1 Theoretical Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 3rd Edition Chapter 4: Adlerian Counseling/ Individual Psychology

2 Historical Overview: Alfred AdlerBorn in Vienna, 1870; second of six children Encountered severe illness and early encounters with death First practice dealt with carnival artists and performers which contributed to his idea of organ inferiority and compensation Contemporary of Freud Served as medic during World War I Died in 1937

3 Philosophical FoundationResponsibility & Creativity Teleology Phenomenology Holism Social embeddedness

4 Personality Development Human NatureFunction of psyche All humans are born inferior and immediately begin to move away from this feeling to a feeling of superiority (belonging, competence) Innate potential for social interest; connecting and collaborating with the world

5 Personality Development Human NatureStructure of psyche Lifestyle – cognitive map expressed in thoughts, feelings, and actions Conclusions/convictions about • Self • Others • The world Self-created goals Core (related to personality priority) Hidden Immediate (situational)

6 Personality Development Human NatureStructure of psyche Personality priority Superiority Self-control Control of others Pleasing Comfort

7 Personality Development Human NatureTasks of Life: Love Work Friendship Self Spirituality

8 Personality Development Role of the EnvironmentFamily: One’s first society Psychological atmosphere (perceived) Values Patterns of interaction Extent to which caretakers encourage development of social interest through: Example Instruction Psychological birth order (perceived) Extrafamilial influences

9 Model of Healthy and Unhealthy BehaviorA healthy lifestyle is characterized by: Basic convictions in accordance with the common sense Relatively free of basic mistakes High in social interest Courage and ability to meet the life tasks of • Work • Friendship • Love • Self • Spirituality Low in use of safeguarding mechanisms

10 Model of Healthy and Unhealthy BehaviorAn unhealthy lifestyle is characterized by: Basic convictions out of accordance with the common sense High in basic mistakes Overgeneralization False or impossible goals of security (the “only if” absurdity) Minimization or denial of one’s worth Faulty values Misperceptions of life and life’s demands Low in social interest

11 Model of Healthy and Unhealthy BehaviorAn unhealthy lifestyle is characterized by: Discouragement and difficulty meeting the life tasks High in safeguarding mechanisms Distancing Hesitating Detouring Narrowing the path

12 Personality Change Client’s RoleMotivation to seek counseling Capacity for change - related to courage to change Responsibility for change Sources of resistance Misalignment of goals Lack of openness to challenge or responsibility Unwilling to explore past and relate to present Safeguarding mechanisms

13 Personality Change Counselor’s RoleCounseling vs. psychotherapy Goal: Understanding basic mistakes turned into action to reorient basic convictions in the direction of the common sense (social interest) Roles Collaborator (in cooperative, egalitarian venture) Analyzer (of lifestyle, especially private logic and basic mistakes) Educator (about the common sense and social interest) Encourager (to modify basic convictions away from self-interest and toward common sense and social interest)

14 Personality Change Stages and Techniques1. Relationship establishment Empathy (“See with the client’s eyes; hear with the client’s ears” -- Alfred Adler) – basic counseling skills of reflection and open-ended questions Genuineness Unconditional positive regard 2. Investigation of lifestyle to uncover basic convictions, especially mistakes: Explore client’s perceptions of: • Family atmosphere • Birth order (psychological, not ordinal) • Early recollections • Personality priorities • Dream analysis • The Question

15 Personality Change Stages and Techniques3. Understanding Counselor shares results of investigation with client Purpose: Client feels encouraged in basic convictions that conform to the common sense/social interest Client grasps basic mistakes and how they manifest in thoughts, feelings, and actions 4. Reorientation Purpose: Insight into Action– counselor encourages client to turn understanding into action of modifying basic mistakes in direction of the common sense/social interest • Advice • Act “as if” (imagery, in vivo) • Humor • Homework • Confront (point out discrepancies) • Paradoxical intention • Catching oneself • Push button • Spit in client’s soup

16 Contributions and LimitationsThe concept of social interest paired healthy functioning with contributed to the greater good Emphasized positive potential instead of pathology Ideas based on “common sense’ and have been incorporated into a wide range of current approaches Limitations Lacks a comprehensive theory of learning Needs more pure theory research on efficacy

17 Interface with Recent Developments in the FieldNature/nurture question: Acknowledgement of genetic dispositions but focus remains on subjective use of those biological elements. Likewise, it is not the person’s family that determines outcome, but the individual’s perception of those factors DSM-5 diagnosis: Focus on individual meaning and manifestation of symptoms. How is the client using the symptoms? Pharmacotherapy: Open to using it as a way to then use other ways to gain health.

18 Interface with Recent Developments in the FieldManaged care and brief therapy: The emphasis on the client progressing thought the stages and gaining insight which is moved into action. This does not necessarily need to be a lengthy process, but should be client determined/controlled. Technical eclecticism: Adler’s concepts have been integrated into just about every other theory. As such, it is fairly easy to integrate other theories’ techniques and remain philosophically congruent. Diversity issues: Phenomenological stance appreciates the subjective view of the individual Spirituality: Approach described in Tasks of Life Effectiveness of psychotherapy: Research support exists but more is needed

19 Current Status Institutes provides formal graduate level training throughout the world Professional organizations (NASAP) provide trainings and resource materials Journal of Individual Psychology dessimminates research

20 References Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2016). Theoretical models of counseling and psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.