1 Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3eCharles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

2 Individual Variation Domain

3 Motivation and Emotion

4 Module 27 Emotion

5 Module Overview Theories of Emotion Fear: A Closer LookThe Expression of Emotion Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

6 Theories of Emotion Module 27: Emotion

7 Emotions Whole-organism responses, involving Physiological arousalExpressive behaviors and Conscious experience.

8 Debates in Emotion ResearchWhich comes first, physiological arousal or the subjective experience of an emotion? Can we react emotionally before appraising a situation, or does thinking always precede emotion?

9 Theories of Emotion: Historical ApproachesModule 27: Emotion

10 Common Sense Theory Emotion-arousing stimulus leads to a conscious feeling (fear, anger) and a physiological response. Seeing an angry dog triggers feelings of fear and physical responses such as trembling.

11 William James ( ) Psychologist who believed our awareness of physiological responses leads to our experience of emotion. Developed the James-Lange Theory of Emotions

12 Carl Lange ( ) Danish physiologist who proposed a theory of emotion similar to, and at about the same time as, James’s theory the awareness of physiological responses leads to experiences of emotion. Developed the James-Lange Theory of Emotions

13 James-Lange Theory The theory that we experience emotion because we are aware of our bodily response to an emotion-arousing stimulus. Our awareness of the physiological reaction leads to our experience of an emotion.

14

15

16

17 Walter Cannon ( ) American physiologist who, with Philip Bard, concluded that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. Developed the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions

18 Cannon-Bard Theory The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of an emotion.

19

20

21 Theories of Emotion: Cognition and EmotionModule 27: Emotion

22 Cognitive Appraisal One’s thoughts about a situationHow a person interprets a situation in the environment

23 Stanley Schachter ( ) American physiologist who, with Jerome Singer, concluded that emotion requires a cognitive label of physiological arousal. Developed the Schachter-Singer Two Factor Theory of Emotion

24 Two-Factor Theory The theory that to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and must cognitively label the arousal. Stanley Schachter

25 Two-Factor Theory Emotions involve two factors:A physiological arousal A cognitive label of the arousal Also called the Schachter-Singer Theory Stanley Schachter

26

27

28

29 Theories of Emotions Review

30 Robert Zajonc ( ) American psychologist who concluded that some emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking; he believed that cognition is not always necessary for emotion. Some emotions skip the thinking part of the brain

31 Robert Zajonc ( )

32 Richard Lazarus ( ) American psychologist who concluded that some emotional responses do not require conscious thought but still involve some kind of unconscious cognitive appraisal.

33 Richard Lazarus ( )

34 Fear: A Closer Look Module 27: Emotion

35 Autonomic Nervous SystemThe division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs; its subdivisions are the sympathetic (arousing) division and the parasympathetic (calming) division. Monitors the autonomic functions Controls breathing, blood pressure, and digestive processes

36 Divisions of the Nervous System

37 Sympathetic Nervous SystemThe part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body to deal with perceived threats Fight or flight response

38 Divisions of the Nervous System

39 Parasympathetic Nervous SystemThe part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body Brings the body back down to a relaxed state

40 Divisions of the Nervous System

41 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

42 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

43 The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

44 The Expression of EmotionModule 27: Emotion

45 The Expression of Emotion: Nonverbal CommunicationModule 27: Emotion

46 Nonverbal CommunicationCommunicating feelings without words: --Facial expressions Tone of voice Hand gestures Also called “body language”

47 The Expression of Emotion: Gender and Cultural Effects on EmotionModule 27: Emotion

48 Gender Effects Women are better at reading nonverbal communication of emotions. Women tend to express emotions more than men do.

49 Gender Effects

50 Display Rules The cultural rules governing how and when a person may express emotion. Rules greatly vary from culture to culture.

51 Facial Expressions Paul Ekman studied facial expressions in an attempt to determine if they are inborn or culturally based.

52 The End

53 Teacher Information Types of Files AnimationThis presentation has been saved as a “basic” Powerpoint file. While this file format placed a few limitations on the presentation, it insured the file would be compatible with the many versions of Powerpoint teachers use. To add functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint. Animation Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible. Adding slides to this presentation Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

54 Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in RedJust as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

55 Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

56 Name of Concept Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation

57 Name of Concept Use this slide to add a table, chart, clip art, picture, diagram, or video clip. Delete this box when finished