1 Titel

2 Infiltration and hydraulic conductivity measurementsEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

3 Why measurements? Define drain distanceEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

4 Why measurements? Disconnect rainwater from sewersystem: infiltration in soil Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

5 Why measurements? Soil and groundwaterpollution: velocity of movementEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

6 Why measurements? Erosion sensibilityEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

7 Why measurements? Define infiltration velocity and depthEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

8 Why measurements? Drainage problems: waterpondingEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

9 Why measurements? Define disscharge and infiltrationcapacity of wellsEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

10 Saturated and unsaturated zoneGroundwater zones surface) Hangwater zpendiculair zoneone drilling hole Unsaturated zone Soilwater zone Open capillaire zone full capillaire zone Saturated zone groundwaterlevel grounwaterzone water Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

11 Infiltration Infiltration is a complex process, differences by soilconditions and precipitation Uniform moistening Preferential flow Increasing complexibility Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

12 Infiltration What does the result mean ?K=< 5 cm/day bad permeability K= 5-40 cm/day average permeability K= cm/day good permeability K=>100 cm/day very high permeability Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

13 Infiltration Soil k in m/d gravel >75 Coarse sand 30-75Fine/coarse sand Fine sand  Clayey sand Sandy clay Clay Peat Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

14 Infiltration Before starting an infiltration measurement always make a soil profile. Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

15 Infiltration Saturated infiltration Unsaturated infiltrationEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

16 Infiltration Surface infiltration Sub surfaceFalling head (double ring) Unsaturated (tensio infiltro) Sub surface Guelph (15 – 75 cm) Falling head (reversed Hooghoudt) (< 300 cm) Constant head (Ksat, Aardvark) (< 15 meters) Rising head (Hooghoudt) (< 200 cm Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

17 Ring-infiltrometer Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

18 Ring-infiltrometer Saturated infiltration measurementsWater is put on or in the soil. The velocity with which the water flows into the soil is measured Benefits Ideal for infiltration measurement of top soils Perfect for flood / furrow irrigation advice Triple rings to get a representative average Stainless steel rings will last forever Determination of root zone permeability Determination of causes of waterlogged zones Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

19 Ring-infiltrometer Why 2 rings? Single ring Double ringEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

20 Ring-infiltrometer 2 types Falling head Constant headEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

21 Ring-infiltrometer Remarks Additional profile research always neededCracks / root channels disturb measurements Not for hard stony soils Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

22 Cumulative Infiltration (cm) Infiltration Rate –cm/hrSteady-State Rate (slope) cm/hr Fc = Ultimate Infiltration Capacity (approx.0.47 cm/hr) Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

23 K-Sat “constant head permeameter”Water is put in a hole in the soil. The volume of water flowing into the soil is measured. The hydrostatic pressure is kept stable (“constant head”). Benefits Determines permeability in any layer < 2 m (4 m) Meant for above the groundwater table Stable compact and versatile instrument Steady state principle for optimum accuracy Remarks: Requires skilled person Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

24 K-Sat Calculation of K based on Glover equationEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

25 K-Sat Use of Ksat Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

26 K-Sat When For measuments up to 2 m below surfaceWith extensionset up to 4 m Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

27 K-Sat How Based on the creation of a constant water pressure in a borehole From borehole water spreads into the ground Calculation of K on the basis of the formula Glover Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

28 Guelph in situ permeameterEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

29 Guelph in situ permeameterEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

30 Guelph in situ permeameterPriciple of Mariotte bottle Saturated measurement With or without tripod Need skilled people For calculation also a spreadsheet available Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

31 Aardvark Alternative for KsatEijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

32 Constant head permeameter Up to 15 meters depthAardvark Constant head permeameter Up to 15 meters depth After calculation a complete report is generated Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

33 Aardvark Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

34 Aardvark Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

35 Aardvark Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

36 Tensio-infiltro meterThe tensio-infiltro meter measures the rate at which water infiltrates into the ground, but without saturating the soil with water Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

37 Tensio-infiltro meterWorking principle: Suppose you bring a sponge in a bucket of water. Take the sponge out and let it drain. Then place it on the soil. If the soil is saturated, nothing will happen, the sponge remains wet. If the soil is dry, the ground immediately withdraw water from the sponge. The surface-infiltro meter works on the same basis. The soil should do something for it to draw the water out of the perforated disk At the soil surface a thin layer of fine sand is brought on for optimum contact with the soil. The disc is connected to a water reservoir. A second water tank is used to control a minimum under pressure in order to prevent the water from flowing out freely. (a few cm water column) Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

38 Tensio-infiltro meterBenefits: Because the soil has to pull the water from the disk cracks and root / animals courses no affect The soil is disturbed in no way (?) Measurements can be carried out in a relative short period of time Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

39 Tensio-infiltro meterCalculations The measurements are carried out with at least 2 x a different under pressure (eg, 10 and 5 cm) During the execution, the decline by time is measured in the measuring cylinder Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

40 Tensio-infiltro meterFormulas Q = πr2 K [1 + 4/πrα] (Wooding 1968) Q = flow of water which infiltrates K = hydraulic conductivity r = radius circle shaped infiltration α = ln [Q (h2) / Q (h1) h2 - h1 Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

41 Tensio-infiltro meterThe unsaturated hydraulic permeability varies with the pressure height (h) Gardner (1958) K (h) = exp Ksat (αh) for h ≤ 0 Combined gives: Q (h1) = πr2 Ksat exp (αh1) [1 + 4/πrα] Q (h2) = πr2 Ksat exp (αh2) [1 + 4/πrα] This two parts give : α = ln [Q (h2) / Q (h1) h2 - h1 Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

42 Hooghoudt method Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

43 Hooghoudt method Hooghoudt method:Intended to determine the water permeability of maximum TWO groundwater aquifers Intended to a depth of 2 meters Method takes into account the influence of any impermeable layer UNDER the aquifer Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

44 Hooghoudt borehole methodBorehole 8cm At least 20 cm minus ACTUAL groundwater Make borehole preferably one or several days in advance. If necessary (wet sand) stabilize borehole with special filter tube Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

45 Hooghoudt borehole methodDetermine than the value of z Calculate S, S = distance in cm between the bottom hole and previously discovered impermeable layer Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

46 Hooghoudt borehole methodRemove cm water from borehole ; usually with a pulse Slide quickly floater down and place tape holder on surface or filter tube Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

47 Hooghoudt borehole methodNote the distance and time Ascent rate decreases as original water level is approached Therefore, use only the first 25 % of any increase range Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

48 Hooghoudt borehole methodCalculation two methods 1. Nomograms 2. Formulas Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

49 Hooghoudt Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

50 Reversed Hooghoudt borehole methodThis method can be applied to successive depths in a borehole in order to measure the permeability of the different layers ( above ground water ) . When the ground water is deep (> 2 to 3 meters minus mv) the reverse Hooghoudt method can be applied Method Drill hole to specified depth Fill with water Measuring how fast watertable is dropping The measurements for each borehole must be repeated until the difference between the measurements is less than 10 to 15% (repeat sandy profiles , repeated 3 to 6 times , clay / loam 2 to 3 times ) Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

51 Reversed Hooghoudt borehole methodK = 1,15 * rw * tanα tanα = log(h(0) + rw/2) – log(h(t) + rw/2) t Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

52 Reversed Hooghoudt borehole method2rw surface h(0) h(t) Monitoring well borehole groundwater Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

53 Any questions? Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek

54 Pr gr no Productgroup Article no Description 25 Water permeability/infiltration E 090104 Measuring tape holder 090105 Float 090115 Interm.filter for bi-partite filter Top ring, pull-out Bottom cap for filter 090116B Spatula for bi-partite filter, bay 0901SA Hydraulic conductivity test kit 0901SB Hydraulic conductivity test, Hooghoudt 0904 Double ring infiltrometer, Infiltration ring, diam. 28 cm Infiltration ring, diam. 53 cm Infiltration ring, diam. 30 cm Infiltration ring, diam. 55 cm Infiltration ring, diam. 32 cm Infiltration ring, diam. 57 cm 090405 Driving plate for 28 to 57 cm 090406 Measuring bridge for ring infiltro meter 090407 Float with measuring rod 0906 Mini rainfall simulator for erosion test 090601 Rainfall simulator for erosion tests 090611 Soil wetting jar 090621 Water storage tank, contents 20 liter 090631 Sample collection box, 2 liter 090632 Sample box with lid, contents 1.12 litre 090635 Scraper 090641 Aluminium transport case, 60x48x40 cm 090912 Coupling part for transducer 26 Water permeability/infiltration T 090103 Measuring tape, 5 m, steel enamelled 090109 Stopwatch, digital, measuring range 10h 090110 Carrying bag for field equipment Bag for float 090409 Pull-out hook 0907 Guelph constant head permeameter 090701 Extension set for Guelph in-situ permeam 0909 Tension infiltrometer, complete set 090901 Tension infiltrometer, 20 cm 090903 Hand vacuum pump for tension infiltrom. 090905 Metal ring, diameter 20 cm 090907 Nylon mesh screen for 20 cm, 5 pcs 090911 Transducer for tension infiltrometer 090916 CD-rom with software for Datahog 2 090920 Read-out unit for Tension infiltrometer 0911 Ksat constant head permeameter, set 091101 Ksat permeameter 091201 Aardvark Permeameter PC-Tablet 091204 Aardvark Permeameter Flash 0912SA Aardvark perm. PC-tablet, compl. set 0912SB Aarvark permeameter flash, set

55 Some facts: Sales increase in 2015 of 14%, expecting more growth in this product range Best selling countries: Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, France Main customers: Consulting, Research Institutes, Universities, Laboratories Eijkelkamp Training & Consultancy voor trainingen in milieu- land- en wateronderzoek