1 Topic 6 – Global Cities A – An Urban World B – What are Global Cities?C – The City of the 21st Century

2 For personal and classroom use onlyConditions of Usage For personal and classroom use only Excludes any other forms of communication such as conference presentations, published reports and papers. No modification and redistribution permitted Cannot be published, in whole or in part, in any form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. Citation Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University.

3 A – An Urban World Urbanization The Urban ExplosionWhat is the nature and the causes or urbanization? The Urban Explosion What is the scale of contemporary urbanization? Rural to Urban Migrations Why people are moving to urban areas?

4 Infrastructure ProcessUrbanization Demographic Process Growth of the proportion of the population living in cities. Urban population growth (natural increase or migration). Infrastructure Process Expansion of urban infrastructures and land use. Socioeconomic Process Creation of secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors. Creates a society where values and lifestyles are urban.

5 Causes of urbanizationHistorical: “Civis”. Defense. Trade routes. Social: Increased social interactions. Institutions representing a society (government, religion & education). Economic: Linked with agricultural surpluses. Increased economic opportunities (the most successful cities tended to be the most open to entrepreneurship). Access to labor. Specialization. Economies of scale and of agglomeration. The very terms “civilization” and “civilized” come from the Latin civis, which refers to a citizen living in a city. In Roman times civitas was concerned with the political and moral nature of community, while the term urbs, from which we get urban, referred to the built form of the city.

6 Historical Urban Location FactorsDiscuss the historical factors behind the location of cities. Defense Commerce River-island site River-meander site Bridge-point site Confluence site Rapid or waterfall Source: Adapted from M. Domosh, R.P. Neumann, P.L. Price and T.G. Jordan-Bychkov (2009) The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography, 11th Edition, Cranbury NJ: W.H. Freeman. Portage site Peninsula site (or offshore island) Sheltered harbor site Head of navigation site City Fortifications Road Read this content

7 Cities through the AgesEra Antiquity (Rome) Cities as the nexus of civilizations (monuments). Development of urban infrastructure (pavement, aqueducts). Middle Ages (Avignon) High density fortified cities. Mostly city-states. Little specialization. Church (cathedral) as the core. Industrial Revolution (Manchester) Cities within nation-states. Industrialization. Migration from rural areas. Regional specialization (city as part of a national market). Transport terminal (rail, port) often the core. Post-Modern (Hong Kong) The global city. Functional specialization (cities as elements of global value chains). The commercial and financial district often the core.

8 Causes of contemporary urban population growthThe Urban Explosion Causes of contemporary urban population growth Natural population increase: Births minus deaths. Demographic transition provided momentum. Migration from rural areas: Notably in countries with large rural populations. Immigration (international): Notably in Europe and North America. Concerns gateway cities. Reclassification of urban boundaries: Encompass other cities and towns. Encompass formerly rural areas.

9 Net International Migration by US Cities, 2012-2013Source: Martin Prosperity Institute.

10 Net Domestic Migration by US Cities, 2012-2013Source: Martin Prosperity Institute.

11 The Urban Explosion: Stages of UrbanizationInitial Stage Transition Stage Terminal Stage 100 Demographic transition Rural to urban migration Developed countries 80 Rural Society Developing countries Urban Society 60 Urban Population Source: Adapted from Peters and Larkin, 1999. 40 Least developed countries 20 Urbanization Time

12 The Urban Explosion First Wave (1750-1950):Began in Europe and North America in the early 18th century. First demographic transition: Importance of natural population increase both in cities and rural areas. First industrialization: Incited the first significant rural to urban migrations. International migration: Important for gateway cities in North America. Produced the new urban industrial societies. Gradual process that involved a few hundred million people: Europe, North America, Australia and Japan; 75% to 80% urban. By the end of the first wave, the beginning of a new process; suburbanization.

13 World’s Largest Cities, 1850

14 First Wave Urbanization: World’s Largest Cities, 1900Source: Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census by Tertius Chandler.

15 The Urban Explosion Second Wave (1950-2050):Discuss the two major urbanization waves that took place since the industrial revolution. Second Wave ( ): Concern less developed regions of the world. Rapid growth. Demographic impacts much greater. Will account for 93% of the 2 billion increase in the global urban population between 2000 and 2030. Limited recourse to migration.

16 Second Wave: World Urban Population, 1950-2010 with Projections to 2020 (in billions)Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2007). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision. New York: United Nations.

17 Rural to Urban MigrationsAn enduring momentum Current velocity: 50 million new urbanites each year. 1 million new urbanites each week. About 155,000 new urbanites each day. About 75,000 rural poor migrate to cities each day. Migration: Makes a significant contribution to the growth of urban areas. Accounts for between 40% and 60% of annual urban population growth in the developing world. Huge rural-to-urban migration potential in areas having a large rural population.

18 B – What are Global Cities?Megacities and Urban Regions What forms large-scale urbanization takes? Global Cities What defines a global city?

19 Globalization and UrbanizationMercantile Era Industrial Era Contemporary Era Technology and Processes New transport technology: long distance ships, sextant, etc. Steam power; Railroad; Steamships; Machine fabrication New transport and communication technologies; Information-rich production technologies Supporting Principles Cartography (navigation); New means of payment (credit): precious metals, financial Innovations (accounting & banking). Economies of scale; Vertical integration of production; Factory systems; Assembly line Labor unions; Property rights; Central banking; Currency; Monetary policies; Compulsory education. Economies of scope ; Trade liberalization; Logistical innovations to facilitate flows of goods, services, capital, and information. Spatial Structure Division of labor brings increasing urbanization; Size of major cities increases. Massive urbanization; Average town size increases; Structural issues (housing, infrastructure, spatial organization); Social issues (unemployment, health, welfare, education). Urban regions competing globally; Relatively fast economic changes causing local dislocations; Rise of large urban regions around major cities connected to the global economy. Source: adapted from T.R. Lakshmanan and L.R. Chatterjee (2005) “Economic Consequences of Transport Improvements”, Access, No. 26, pp Read this content

20 Megacities and Urban RegionsConcentration An increasing share of the global population lives in megacities: Cities of over one million. Uncommon in the past to have megacities. Difficult to sustain internally and to supply (food, water, energy and wastes). First modern megacity, Beijing 1770. From metropolitan areas to urban regions: Contiguity. Connectiveness. Interaction. Technology and urban form Important historical role of technology (particularly transportation) shaping the shape and the dynamics of cities.

21 One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation ModesExplain how transportation influence the structure of cities Streetcar line Freeway Source: adapted from P. Hugill, (1993), p. 213. Walking 10 km Streetcar Cycling Automobile Automobile with freeways Read this content

22 Functions of Cities Economic Activities Transportation/Port CitiesCommercial Centers Government Centers  Cultural Centers Education Centers  Religious Functions Entertainment

23 Financial Centers: Singapore C.B.D.

24 Industrial Centers: Kaohsiung, Taiwan

25 Transportation Centers: Port of Odessa, Ukraine

26 Retail Commercial Centers: Hanoi Shops During Tet Shopping Season

27 Government: Palace of Parliament, Bucharest, Romania

28 Centers of Culture: Museo De Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia

29 Education Centers – University of Warsaw

30 Religious Functions: Great Mosque, Aleppo, Syria (Destroyed)

31 Entertainment: Sports – Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas

32 Megacities and Urban RegionsCities and global systems Cities are nodes in a network of cities. Flows of capital, trade and people. The position of the city in the network is related to its influence (power). Connectivity as a measure of power.

33 Cities and ConnectivityProduction and Distribution Port districts. Heavy industries. Railyards. Manufacturing clusters. Distribution clusters. Air link Airport District Heavy Industries Port District Manufacturing District Mobility and Accessibility Central / transit stations. Shopping districts. Airport districts. CBD Transactions Financial / management districts. Built area Road / transit link Connectivity node Rail link Logistics Zone Economic node Maritime link Read this content

34 Metropolitan Areas of More than 10 Million Inhabitants, 2010Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision. New York: United Nations. Read this content

35 World’s Largest CitiesRead this content

36 World’s Largest Urban RegionsRead this content

37 Criteria to be a World City; Many WannabeesBusiness activity The economic weight of the city; headquarters of major multinational corporations, locations of top business services firms, the value of capital (stock) markets, the number of international conferences, and the flow of goods through ports and airports. Human capital Capacity to attract and train talent; size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of international schools, international student population, and number of residents with university degrees. Information exchange The effectiveness of information flows; accessibility to major TV news channels, internet presence, number of international news bureaus, level of censorship and broadband subscriber rate. Cultural influence The cultural weight of the city; number of major sporting events, number of museums, performing-arts venues, culinary establishments, number of international travelers and number of sister-city relationships. Political engagement The level of influence on global politics; number of embassies and consulates, major think tanks, international organizations and local institutions with international reach, and the number of political conferences. Source: adapted from The 2008 World City Index, Foreign Policy,

38 World Cities, 2012 What makes a city a world city? Read this contentSource: AT Kearney, 2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook Read this content

39 C – The City of the 21st CenturyThe City as a Cultural and Technological Nexus How the high technology sector is shaping cities? The Other City: Shantytowns Are shantytowns an economic or demographic failure? Global Cities in the 21st Century What will shape world city development in the coming years?

40 The City as a Cultural and Technological NexusCultural Nexus Foci of human and material resources of civilizations. Cities are where culture is created, filtered and diffused: Source of capital accumulation. Change in scale: Cultures used to be bound to regions or nations. Global communication networks propelled cultural centers. Exchange of ideas; network of global cities. Pool of talents: Artists, architects, philosophers, scientists and writers. Attractiveness of some cities. Patrons, community of artists, universities, clients, and a skilled workforce. Shifts in centers of culture: Linked with the economic and political fate of the nation. E.g. Moscow.

41 The City as a Cultural and Technological NexusGlobal cities are innovation nexuses Wealth and capital accumulation linked with innovation capabilities; favors urban growth. Competitive environment requires businesses to innovate. Access to the largest markets (for specialist and mass consumption). Encourage interactions between wide range of financial, managerial, technical, marketing and trade skills and experience. Cluster of innovators, investors, designers and manufacturers. Innovations come in waves: Linked with innovations (e.g. labor, resources). From industrial cities, to manufacturing cities to high technology cities. The fate of several global cities changed (e.g. Detroit).

42 The City as a Cultural and Technological NexusThe technopole model (valuation): High technology service and manufacturing cluster. R&D facilities to carry out research. Vicinity to university institutions. Pool of corporations, entrepreneurs and capital. Available land. Ex: “Silicon Valley”. The off-shoring model (debasement): Technology also debase some process. Some activities have been relocated to low costs areas. Back-office operations (payroll). Call centers. Data processing. Ex: Omaha, NE (taxes advantages) and Bangalore, India.

43 Shantytowns Context Some cities are growing without much capital accumulation. Difficulty to access housing: Economic costs. Availability. 100 million people are homeless. 928 million live in precarious housing conditions (slums). Shantytowns; informal habitat or squatter housing: Slums (North America and Europe). Favelas (Brazil). Pueblos jovenes (Young towns). Asentamiento irregulares (Irregular settlements). Villas miserias (Miserable villages, Argentina). Jughi Jopri (India). Gecekondu (Turkey).

44 Mostly in developing countries:Shantytowns Mostly in developing countries: Following the demographic explosion. Now the norm more than the exception. Perhaps the most visible sign of widespread poverty. About 25% of the surface of cities in developing countries is covered by shantytowns. 30-60% of the urban population. Inability of the formal private and public sector: Provide low price housing for those in needs. The private sector seeks to maximize revenue. The State more concerned about providing housing for its public servants and its middle class.

45 Share of the Urban Population Living in Shantytowns (2001)0-10% 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% 80-90% 90-100% No data "Urban population living in slums" by user:Fabienkhan & user:Korrigan - Map background from Image:BlankMap-World-v5.png.Data from UN-HABITAT, Global Urban Observatory, 2001 estimates (source).. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Urban_population_living_in_slums.png#/media/File:Urban_population_living_in_slums.png

46 Informal dwellings and occupation of urban landShantytowns Informal dwellings and occupation of urban land Dwellings are built by the current or original occupant or by the informal sector. Rudimentary construction materials. Did not receive a construction permit. Do not follow norms in terms of housing and sanitation. Located in marginal (sometimes unsafe) sites. Often vague and unclear land ownership: Most inhabitants have no legal title to the land. Most are located in areas being declared inhabitable. Owned by the municipality. Abandoned private land. Exploiting a legal vacuum of land ownership.

47 Lack of urban services:Shantytowns Lack of urban services: Generally not well serviced by public utilities. Water supply, sanitation, roads, drainage, solid waste management, street lighting, public transportation and sewage. Utilities often controlled by local organized crime groups and sold to local occupants. A transient population: Many residents recently moved in the city. An active rental market.

48 Shantytowns Very high densities:Not in height but in the subdivisions of dwellings. Sites need to be close to employment areas. Limited mobility so proximity a very important factor. Rents per square foot are often as high as developed countries. Incites additional subdivisions and densification.

49 Informal Housing Source: Uncknown.

50 Global Cities in the 21st CenturyThe “learning city” Local identities (e.g. landmarks) creating a unique urban environment. Regional resources (labor). Global reach (transport and telecommunications). Suitable urban environment, employment, food, housing and transportation: Welfare of the future urban population. Welfare of its surrounding areas. Mitigation: Limited environmental impacts. Conservation of resources such as water, land and energy and the capability of handling change. Should provide a place of opportunity and not be an agent of segregation.

51 Towards Sustainable Cities?Water, materials and waste Energy and air quality Transportation and telecommunications Livability Land, green spaces and biodiversity

52 Sustainable Cities Future global urbanization is likely to be more sustainable. What does the concept of urban sustainability implies?