1 TOPICS COVERED TILL NOWART AND ARCHITECTURE IN ANCIENT PERIOD CAVE ARCHITECTURE STUPA ARCHITECTURE SCULPTURE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE IN SOUTH INDIA HARAPPAN CULTURE EARLY VEDIC CULTURE INDIAN ART AND CULTURE

2 JAINISM Division of society into 4 varnasDesire of vaishyas to improve social position Reaction of kshatriyas to brahmins supremacy New agricultural economy Reaction of commoners

3 origin mystery Teachings of 24 tritankaras

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5 Birth540BC-kundaligramaPersonal details of Mahavira Titles- Mahavira,Jina, Jitendrita, Nigrantha Father - Siddhartha Mother- Trisala Real – Vardhamana Birth540BC-kundaligrama Son-in-law - Jamali Daughter – Annoja Wife – Yasoda

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7 Rigveda – Rishaba and ArishtanemiVishnu purana and Bhagavat purana – Rishabha as incarnation of Narayana 1st trithankara – Rishabha – Bull 23rd trithankara – Parshvanatha – Serpent 24th trithankara – Vardhaman Mahavira - Lion Parsvanatha: 23rd trithankara Abandoned the 30 Ascetic Enlighted after 84 days of penance 100yrs at sammet sikhar, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand 5 instruments of knowledge: Matijnana – perception through activity of sense organs Avadhi jnana – clairvoyant perception Sitruta jnana – knowledge from scriptures Manahparyaya jnana – telepathic knowledge Keval jnana – omniscience or temporal knowledge

8 TEACHINGS OF MAHAVIRA Philosophy of jainism associated with realitySoul is in bondage due to assimilation and influx of “karma” 5 vows – Householder Non-injury Non- stealing Non- adultery Speaking the truth and non-possession Observing continence (Brahmacharya) Feed cooked food to the needy everyday Lay worshipper should not take to agriculture – destruction of plants and animals Imp aspect of phiosophy of jainism – Sallekhana (concept of voluntary death)

9 Code of conduct for monks Walk only during day- no killing or injuring Train himself not to be affected by objects of senses Abandon all wordly possession

10 Renunciation & monastic lifeDOCTRINE OF KAIVALYA Non- violence Triratnas Renunciation & monastic life

11 PHILOSOPHY OF JAINISM Anekantvada Syadvada Saptavanginayaya Nyayavada

12 Devotees classification in Descending orderTrithankara - Salvation Arihant - Nirvana Acharya – head of ascetic group Upadhaya – Teacher saint Sadhu - rest

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14 JAINA COUNCILS Pataliputra @ SthulabahuFirst Sthulabahu 12 angas replaced lost 14 purvas Accepted by Swetambaras Second Devaradhi Kshamasramana Collect sacred texts and write them systematically Compilation of 12 angas and 12 upangas

15 SECTS OF JAINISM Digambaras Swethambaras After death of Mahavira – severe famine led to great exodus of Jain Monk from ganga valley to deccan Migration led to great Schism Digambaras – followers of south >> retention of rule of nudity Swetambaras – north >> wear white garments

16 Spread of Jainism Spread to kailnga in 4th century BCKharavela patronised in 1st century AD Period between Mauryas and Guptas >> Orissa in the east to Mathura in west Later concentrated in 2 regions Gujarat and Rajasthan – Svetambara sects Mysore – Digambaras Original home of Jainism – Ganga valley > little following

17 Decline of Jainism Took the concept of ahimsa too farAdvised one should not take medicine when one fell sick Believed life in trees and vegetables >> no harming them Did not reach common man >> extreme penance and austerity No patronage from kings Did not spread their religion Royal patrons: South India – kadamb and ganga dynasty , Amogavarsha, Siddhraj jai singh, kumarapala North India – Bimbisara, Ajathasatru, Chandragupta Maurya, Bindusara, Kharavela

18 JAIN’S ARCHITECTURE - CAVESHathigumpha cave Baghagumpha cave Udayagiri and Khandagiri cave

19 JAIN’S ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLESVimalavasahi temple Tejpala temple Palitana temple

20 JAIN’S ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLESPavapuri temple - Bihar Rajagriha temple - Bihar

21 JAIN’S ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLESGomateswara / Bahubali at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka

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