1 Unit 12: Reconstruction Standards 8.5.1,8.5.2,8.5.3, and part of 8.5.4

2 Intro. To ReconstructionThis goes on p. 5

3 Tore up from the Floor up!SC (and really all the South) was hurting following the Civil War… 1 out of four men dead The men who are left = old, very young, wounded, sick All wealth destroyed Labor force (slaves) = gone 4 million former slaves = no homes, food, job etc.

4 Tore up from the floor up!Leadership/govt. = nonexistent Land/structures destroyed or damaged Feeling of defeat…. “what was it all for”

5

6 From this……..to this

7 Classwork Assignment Divide your paper in half Label your paper:Draw a picture of what the south looked like before and after the Civil War Underneath the picture, describe what the south looked like before and after and any problems that it faced Before the Civil War After the Civil War

8 Lincoln’s Plan for ReconstructionThis goes on p. 6-7

9 Different ideas on how to “Reconstruct” the South and the Nation.Some parts of the govt. wanted to quickly rebuild the United States Other parts of the govt. wanted to punish the South for what they had done.

10 Presidential Reconstruction (Two presidents=Two plans)President Lincoln’s Plan (first) President Johnson’s Plan (followed Lincoln’s plan)

11 Lincoln’s Plan Written before the War even endedFocused on rebuilding the destroyed South and Reuniting the nation that had been torn apart Sometimes called the 10% Plan

12 Lincolns Plan He required 10% of a states population to swear an “Oath of Allegiance” to the United States of America…..once 10% had done this, they could reapply to re-join the US. He wanted to restore the southern states into “political union” with the other states. He also required the state governments to recognize the end of slavery.

13 Lincoln’s Plan Before Lincoln could enact his plan…..

14 ASSASSINATION!!

15 FYI John Wilkes Booth - actor Ford’s Theater “Our American Cousin”“Sic Semper Tyrannous” – Death always to tyrants Broken leg Dr. Samuel Mudd

16 Lincoln Dies….so does the South’s best hope for an “easy” reconstruction.

17 Andrew Johnson becomes President

18 Johnson’s Plan for ReconstructionThis goes on p. 9-10

19 Johnson's Plan for ReconstructionThe S. was hopeful when Johnson became President….he was from Tennessee….. A S. state. The S. thought he would go easy on his homeland. His plan was basically the same as Lincoln’s….with a few additions. It required that any Southerner who owned property worth over $20,000 before the war had to appear before him personally to take the oath. This was his way of “getting back” at those who had treated him poorly in his youth (he was from “yeoman farmer” class.)

20 Johnson's Humble Home.

21 Also, Johnson required all SAlso, Johnson required all S. states to ratify the 13th amendment making slavery illegal. Also, S. states had to promise not to repay the people who had financed the Confederacy And finally, S. states had to nullify their order of secession (basically admit that they were wrong)

22 Congressional Reconstruction: Radical Republican’s PlanThis goes on p

23 Radical Republicans Still not Happy!!!The Rad. Rep.s liked Johnson’s plan better than Lincoln’s, but they still felt it let the Southerners “off the hook” too easily. Still wanted the S. states PUNISHED!!!!!

24 Congress Reconvenes By the time Congress went back to work, all of the S. states had met the requirements of Lincoln/Johnson’s plan. They had written new constitutions and elected new leaders But when these new leaders arrived in Washington to take their seats in Congress, the Rad. Reps. Refused to admit them. They said they were rebuilding the S. just as it was before the war.

25 Congressional Study OrderedCongress ordered a study to see if the S. was really changing as it was supposed to. Found some interesting facts….. First, the same people who had been in charge when the S. seceded, were back in charge. 58 had been congressmen before the war, 6 had been in the Confederate President’s Cabinet, and 4 had even been Confederate Generals fighting against the US!!!!

26 Black Codes Also found that the S. states had created “Black codes” to control the former slaves.

27 Basically…rebuilding the south just as it was before the war!!!Not that kind of pyramid!

28 Johnson Impeached!!

29 Radical Republicans get rid of JohnsonThe only thing keeping the radical republicans from punishing the south was, Andrew Johnson. They decide to get rid of Johnson. They basically created charges against him & had him impeached. The R. R’s were one vote short of kicking Johnson out of office.

30 Johnson Impeached

31 Johnson…. “OK…have it your way”Johnson is now powerless to stop the radical republicans.

32 Radical Republican Plan…Let the punishment begin!S. divided into five military districts under the control of the US army. SC was in the 2nd Military District. Black males are given the right to vote, and no white male who supported the CSA is allowed to vote. No-one who supported the CSA can hold public office.

33 Military District #2 Armed soldiers walked the streets and were present to make sure the Southerners obeyed all the reconstruction laws. A military General was placed in the position of “Governor” and dictated the activities of the district. The RR used the military to make sure the Southern States did what they were told.

34 We are in Military District #2

35 The BIG Three: Reconstruction Amendments and a Mnemonic DeviceThis goes on p

36 Three "Reconstruction" AmendmentsThe 13th Amendment – Ended Slavery – Makes all forms of slavery illegal in the US.

37 The 14th Amendment The 14th Amendment – Equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of race.

38 The 15th Amendment The 15th Amendment – Said no one can be denied the right to vote because of race.

39 Practice….. Create your own mnemonic device to help you remember the “reconstruction” amendments. You may want to start with something like this… R –construction A – mendments S – lavery illegal E – qual protection V – ote Think of a silly sentence that utilizes these letters!!

40 Each S. state has to write a new constitution that is acceptable to congress.The state constitution has to be approved by voters in the state. The state must approve the 14th amendment. (equal protection under the laws)

41 Carpetbaggers and ScalawagsThis goes on p. 19

42 Carpetbaggers Carpetbaggers=northerners who moved to the southern states to take advantage of the defeated south. Called carpetbaggers because they had a suitcase made of carpet.

43 SC Hurts???

44 Carpetbaggers

45 Scalawags.. Southerners who align with the carpetbaggers to take advantage of the defeated south. Despised even more than the carpetbaggers.

46 South suffers The south suffers under Republican rules.

47 A heavy load of punishment!

48

49

50 The Freedmen’s Bureau This goes on p

51 Freedmen was the title given to former slaves during reconstructionApprox. 4 ½ million freedmen across the south No money, no jobs, no homes, no skills, no education, no family…. Not even a last name

52 Freedmen’s Bureau Organization started by well meaning Northerners in order to improve the life of the slaves.

53 Locate family members One of the first jobs of the freedmen’s bureau was to locate lost family members. Slavery had destroyed many families. The bureau assigned last names and helped located family members

54 Freedman’s Bureau Trying to locate reunite families

55 Providing housing

56 Schools Freedmen’s bureau sent missionaries and teachers to create schools and educate the freedmen.

57 Providing teachers

58 Providing Schools

59 Colleges In SC over 2,800 school’s were createdSeveral colleges were also created: Claflin College, South Carolina State College, Benedict College, and Allen University.

60 Land distribution The freedmen’s Bureau distributed land that had been confiscated from ex-confederates to the freedmen. “40 acres and a mule” These benefits did help many former slaves, however, they also caused many problems.

61 Animosity increases Animosity=anger , feelings of hostility and hatred. When land was taken from ex-confederates and given to ex-slaves this created harsh feelings amongst the ex-confederates.

62 Against the law!! Eventually the US. Government rules that the freedmen’s bureau could not take the ex-confederates land (violates the constitution). Much of the land distributed to ex-slaves had to be returned to its original owners. This created even more tension in animosity.

63 Animosity leads to violence!!Terrorist groups were formed to scare ex-slaves and people who helped and supported them. ( The freedmen’s bureau). The most well known was the Ku Klux Klan. (KKK) These groups killed and tortured people with whom they did not agree.

64 Politics

65 Politics To most S. whites – the African American right to vote was a threat. However- the 15th Amendment guaranteed the right to vote…it could not be denied because of race.

66 Those sneaky democrats!Devised new ways of stopping the African American vote. Literacy test Poll taxes Grandfather clause

67 Segregation Attempts to keep the races separateRailroad case- Homer Plessy Resulted in supreme court decision -Plessy vs. Ferguson=separate but equal is acceptable The races were separate everywhere……especially in schools

68 Impact of Reconstruction on Social ClassesThis goes on p

69 Five groups you must knowPlantation Owners Small Farmers (Yeoman) Freedmen (former slaves) Women Northern Immigrants

70 Plantation Owners Before the war….famously wealthy. Now…Wealth is gone… Homes destroyed… Farm equip. gone or destroyed… Fields overgrown… No $$$ for repairs or rebuilding… Men gone, sick or injured… Labor force (slaves) gone…(13th amendment)

71 Plantation Owners All they really have left is their land.At 1st…they tried to maintain control by creating “Black Codes” (laws aimed at keeping their labor force under their control) (sometimes all they did was mark out the word “slave” and write in “freedmen” or “black”. The Radical Republicans quickly put a stop to this when they took over reconstruction.

72 Plantation Owners Developed a new system of labor called “share cropping”. The former plantation owners would allow landless farmers (freedmen or poor whit farmers) to work their land. The land owner would supply the seed and tools and the land…the farmer would supply the labor. At the end of the season…both would get a “share”. This system quickly become unfair….if the season was a bad one, the farmer would not have enough left over

73 Plantation Owners To pay the landowner their share.The land owner would issue a loan or “lien” on next years crop. Soon the farmer would be in so much debt he could never pay it off. Now the farmer is stuck doing all the work, but never getting to keep any of his crop. Really, just a new form of slavery.

74 Plantation Owners Frequently turned to violence and intimidation to try and control the Freedmen….ex. Ku Klux Klan.

75 Small Farmers Most did not own slaves before war, so 13th amendment does not affect them financially. However…now they have to compete with the freedmen farmers when it comes to producing and selling their crops. Many small farmers also once felt superior to African Americans….now that feeling of superiority is threatened. Many small farmers turn to the same violence and intimidation that the planters used…ex. KKK

76 Small Farmers Some small farmers did join forces with the RR because they saw that the same programs that the RR were creating to help the Freedmen could also help them…(education and economic). These small farmers who joined with the RR were called scalawags.

77 Freedmen Reconstruction found the former slaves in a bad position…No job No land No home No education No family Not even a last name!!! Basically they had nothing at all.

78 Freedmen Most former slaves left their owners land immediately after the war….but having no where to go, most quickly returned. Many became sharecroppers for their former owners. Remember, that is almost like a new type of slavery.

79 Freedmen The Freedmen’s Bureau was set up…a govt. agency that tried to help the newly freed slaves. Did many positive things…set up schools, churches and even communities. Helped locate lost family members (issued last names). Gave loans to freemen. Helped freedmen organize and serve in political positions.

80 Freedmen But also, horribly mismanaged and corrupt.Often the funds set aside for the freedmen found their way to the pockets of the RR in charge. Common promise of “40 acres and a mule” were rarely realized.

81 Women Depended on social class.Planter elite women suffered just like their husbands, left with nothing they had to undertake many of the jobs formerly done by slaves. Also, with few men around, often had to take on roles formerly unheard of for women. Some former slaves, scalawags and carpetbagger women pushed for more rights fro women…as a result the state Constitution of 1868 did provide some rights for women such as they could now legally own property in their own name after marriage.

82 Northern Immigrants Many came South as teachers, missionaries or looking to make a better life. Some came as Union soldiers during the war and decided to stay after the war was over. All were reviled by the southerners as carpetbaggers. Many did find political and/or economic opportunity.

83 Successes and Failures of Reconstruction Standard 8-4Successes and Failures of Reconstruction Standard Answers to the Handout

84 1. Name 2 areas of Reconstruction that can be viewed as unsuccessful.Public Education

85 Progress made in Civil Rights for African Americans

86 2. What is public education?Schooling provided by the state government, paid for by tax dollars and available to all state residents

87 3. Did SC have a public education system before the Civil War?No

88 4. Who gave the Republican Party their power during Reconstruction?Freedmen, Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

89 5. When did SC receive a public education system?During Reconstruction, under the Constitution of 1868

90 6. Why do you think the Republicans included public education in their Constitution?They want to provide education for African Americans who would then vote for Republican candidates

91 7. What organization helped create many schools during Reconstruction?Freedmen’s Bureau

92 South Carolina State, Claflin College,8. Name some of the remnants of the public education system created during Reconstruction that are still visible today. South Carolina State, Claflin College, Benedict College

93 9. What did the 13th Amendment call for?Made slavery illegal

94 10. What did the 14th Amendment call for?Made African Americans citizens

95 11. What did the 15th Amendment call for?Allowed African American males the right to vote

96 It was destroyed when Reconstruction ended12. What happened to the gains made during Reconstruction in the areas of Civil Rights? It was destroyed when Reconstruction ended

97 Political corruption…money was misspent, wasted or simply stolen13. What resulted in the loss of huge amounts of money during Reconstruction? Political corruption…money was misspent, wasted or simply stolen

98 14. What led to racial disputes during Reconstruction?Land ownership and political power

99 15. What did the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision call for?Segregation of races… “separate but equal”

100 16. What is meant by “separate but equal?”Plessey vs. Ferguson Separation of the races was acceptable according to the law as long as facilities were provided for both

101 17. Why could sharecropping be seen as a new type of slavery?They were held in debt and unable to escape the demands of the landowner

102 18. What two elections occurred in 1876?SC Governor Election and Presidential Election

103 19. Who was the Democratic candidate for governor of SC?Wade Hampton

104 They wanted to rid the state of Republican control at any cost20. What was meant my the campaign slogan used by the Democrats during the 1876 election? They wanted to rid the state of Republican control at any cost

105 21. How was the election of 1876 corrupt?The used violence to intimidate voters and a lot of voting fraud

106 22. Who won the state election of 1876Both Republicans and Democrats declared victory. Eventually, Hampton will use the Presidential election of 1876 to become governor of SC

107 23. Who was the Republican candidate for President in 1876?Rutherford B. Hayes

108 24. What was the initial outcome of the Presidential election of 1876?It was very close. Tilden needed 1 electoral vote to claim victory and Hayes needed 11 3 states still had not awarded their 22 electoral votes

109 25. How did Ruthford B. Hayes end up as President of the U.S.?SC, FL and LA gave Hayes their electoral votes after Wade Hampton made an illegal deal with him to become governor of SC in exchange for the votes